Abstract
Today, only a few short years later, some scientists predict the entire Arctic Ocean will, by 2025, be open to all shipping for six months a year, and will be open to year round to purpose-built, ice-strengthened vessels. If the entire Arctic Ocean - as opposed to the Northwest Passage through Canada's northern archipelago or the Northern Sea Route across the top of Russia - is truly about to open soon, the questions for those in the commercial shipping world - not to speak of Transport Canada and the governments of Canada, Nunavut, the Yukon, and the Northwest Territories - will be varied. The Arctic facts are changing so everyone, particularly Canadians and Russians, must now accept these new facts and start pursuing policies that are consistent with them, ones that are appropriate for the twenty-first century, not the last century. Keywords:Arctic facts; Arctic Ocean; Canada; Northern Sea Route; Russia; twenty-first century
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