Abstract
A combined WKB-variational formalism is used to study vacuum tunnelling in gauage theories with massless particles. First, the wave function and energy of the vacuum state is derived using the standard WKB method. This result is shown to have the same limitations as the dilute-gas approximation in the euclidean path-integral approach, the difficulty being associated with the existence of a massless particle which gives rise to a long-range pseudoparticle interaction. To overcome this difficulty, a combined WKB-variational method is proposed to construct the modified wave function of the ground state in the presence of external static charges. The shift of the ground-state energy is calculated using the modified wave function and confinement of opposite charges is derived.
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