Abstract
A study based on a new formulation of the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker equation has led to an alternative scenario for the evolving universe. Further, a theory which replaces the cosmological constant with the momentum pressure of emerging matter has been developed. The set of equations is called the CBU model (Continuously Breeding Universe). The model offers a tool to investigate the present state of the universe. It is assumed that expansion is caused by the continuous addition of matter, due to, say, electron-positron fluctuations. As a feature of the model the gravitational constant G is inversely proportional to the scale factor a. A gravitational uphill for light coming from distant galaxies causes a redshift far more dominant than the cosmological redshift. However, the influence is small in the nearby space of the Milky Way. The combined redshift provides the time of the CMB maximum. The redshift is zCMB = 1,54·109 for a scale factor of aCMB = 2,55·10-5. According to the CBU theory the time as measured from the initial event, i.e. the birth of the universe, is 389.000 years, surprisingly close to the Standard model value of 380.000 years. The combined redshift zCMB corresponds precisely to the frequency 160,23 GHz and the energy of the two photons emerging from a positron-electron annihilation, 1,63742·10-13 J.
Highlights
Following known laws of physics and strict mathematical procedures a model of the expansion of the universe has been formulated
In the present study we derive the equation for the gravitational redshift
Zg is the gravitational redshift, λs and λ0 are the wavelengths of the source and the observer respectively
Summary
Following known laws of physics and strict mathematical procedures a model of the expansion of the universe has been formulated. The theory of continuous matter creation was proposed by Fred Hoyle in the 1940ies, [3], and independently by Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold, [4]. This was called the steady state theory. The addition of matter was assumed to keep the energy density constant while the universe was undergoing a continuous expansion. [2] was that dark energy, and thereby the cosmological constant, originates from a momentum pressure caused by the continuous addition of new matter. In the present study we derive the equation for the gravitational redshift.
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