Abstract
Cydia pomonella granulovirus, in particular CpGV-M isolate, is used as a biological control against the codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella. As a result of intensive control over the years, codling moth populations have developed resistance against this isolate. This resistance is now called type I resistance. Isolates, among them, CpGV-R5, have been found that are able to overcome type I resistance. Both CpGV-M and CpGV-R5 are used in orchards to control the codling moth. High resolution melting (HRM) has been adapted to differentiate between CpGV-M and CpGV-R5 isolates. Specific PCR primers have been designed for the CpGV p38 gene, encompassing the variable region responsible for the ability to overcome resistance. Because each amplicon has a specific melting point, it is possible to identify the CpGV-M and CpGV-R5 genotypes and to quantify their relative proportion. This method has been validated using mixtures of occlusion bodies of each isolate at various proportions. Then, the HRM has been used to estimate the proportion of each genotype in infected larvae or in occlusion bodies (OBs) extracted from dead larvae. This method allows a rapid detection of genotype replication and enables the assessment of either success or failure of the infection in field conditions.
Highlights
In 2017, apple production represented around 5 × 106 ha worldwide and pear production represented 1.39 × 106 ha [1]
The codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella, is a major pest in these orchards [2] and to control CM, on average, 35 treatments per year are required during the life span of the crop [3,4]
Intense chemical control leads to deleterious environmental consequences, health risks (i.e., Chlorpyrifos, Lorsban® ), and CM resistance (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) [7], anthranilic diamide insecticide chlorantranilipole [8], emamectin, tebufenozide [9] or organophosphorus [10])
Summary
In 2017, apple production represented around 5 × 106 ha worldwide and pear production represented 1.39 × 106 ha [1]. The codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella, is a major pest in these orchards [2] and to control CM, on average, 35 treatments per year are required during the life span of the crop [3,4]. Intense chemical control leads to deleterious environmental consequences (i.e., azinphos-methyl, Guthion® [5,6]), health risks (i.e., Chlorpyrifos, Lorsban® ), and CM resistance (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) [7], anthranilic diamide insecticide chlorantranilipole [8], emamectin, tebufenozide [9] or organophosphorus [10]). To reduce the chemical impact, biological alternatives have been studied, among them, isolates of a baculovirus, the Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV).
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