A colorimetric paper-based optode sensor for highly sensitive and selective determination of thiocyanate in urine sample using cobalt porphyrin derivative

Abstract

In this work, a highly sensitive colorimetric paper-based optode for the determination of thiocyanate in urine samples was developed for the first time. The cocktail solution of the optode was composed of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-octyloxyphenyl)porphyrin cobalt(II) complex (L), tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMACl), 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether, and polyvinyl chloride as an ionophore, an ion exchanger, a plasticizer, and a polymer, respectively. The paper-based optode responded to thiocyanate by increasing the blue component in the RGB index and a visible change, with the naked-eye, of the optode color from pink to green was observed. From the central composite design, the optimized conditions that yielded the highest sensitivity were 4.70 mmol/kg TDMACl and 13.75 mmol/kg L. The developed optode sensor was highly selective and responded to thiocyanate over other anions, with a working range of 0.001–5 mM and with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9915. The limits of detection using naked-eye and camera were determined to be 50.0 μM and 1.26 μM, respectively. In addition, the LOD and LOQ estimated from the standard deviation of the blank were 0.65 and 1.87 μM, respectively. Furthermore, this sensor was successfully applied to the detection of thiocyanate in urine samples from non-smokers and smokers. The results were in good agreement with the standard ion chromatography (IC) technique. This developed paper-based optode sensor was simple, low-cost, portable, and easy to use as a sensing device without any complicated instrument.