Abstract
This study aims to present a technique that combines multi-sensor spatial data to monitor wetland areas after a flash-flood event in a Saharan arid region. To extract the most efficient information, seven satellite images (radar and optical) taken before and after the event were used. To achieve the objectives, this study used Sentinel-1 data to discriminate water body and soil roughness, and optical data to monitor the soil moisture after the event. The proposed method combines two approaches: one based on spectral processing, and the other based on categorical processing. The first step was to extract four spectral indices and utilize change vector analysis on multispectral diachronic images from three MSI Sentinel-2 images and two Landsat-8 OLI images acquired before and after the event. The second step was performed using pattern classification techniques, namely, linear classifiers based on support vector machines (SVM) with Gaussian kernels. The results of these two approaches were fused to generate a collaborative wetland change map. The application of co-registration and supervised classification based on textural and intensity information from Radar Sentinel-1 images taken before and after the event completes this work. The results obtained demonstrate the importance of the complementarity of multi-sensor images and a multi-approach methodology to better monitor changes to a wetland area after a flash-flood disaster.
Highlights
Flash floods results in a rapid rise in the water level in a stream or a creek
We find that Δ (Albedo) and Δ (NDMI) have a significant negative linear correlation, as indicated in Equation (12)
In the first part of this section, we present the information from monitoring the soil moisture/dryness to detect areas changed by flash floods according to the optical data
Summary
Flash floods results in a rapid rise in the water level in a stream or a creek. Flash flooding can cause serious damage within a few hours (e.g., rupture of an embankment, dam failure). The intensity can increase dramatically, especially in cases where intense rainfall results in a rapid surge of rising flood waters. Greater runoff volume can result from various circumstances, such as a higher percentage. InanOdctmobuedr f2l0o1o6d,sa[t2o,3rr].enIntiaOlcrtaoibneirn2d0u1c6e,daatnorirmenptrieaslsrivaienriivnedruflcoedodaninima lparregsespivaertriovfesrofulothoedrninMaolraorcgceo, epspaertcioafllsyoiunththerenciMtyoorof cLcaoa,yeosupneceiaanlldy iintstrheegicoitnys,owf LhaicahyoaurenleoacnatdeditsinretghieoMnso, rwohccicahn aSraehlaorcaa.tTedheinevtheent lsdtaht3iMHunose0rtacro0eitarmnr0hdegogarrmecfaestcosec3had/rhasenfapoa,rflmoSbawldaamco,hsihuotwhiay7ctf-rhhfl1tattihhoo0.icsaeToh2htwdhd0hd(e3ieebaomlvesmeleveetsaawmnenbnntssoe3.ottievoodTtlnearnuheasetxr2egthidec8nepeedgsaeectpfanhdatokihdprrl1eleaow1as2cfhf2b9ilatt.ooa6yhyOlusdeMhtctch-fltao1fomapol0fbotoat3hoehdcd,rdieeo()tbrx.eydeeepsvaFit(mewcen4urhn1oreeie0tettne.hdnnsemTecixmor2he3c,n8de/oetseehrap)aded,neevbdtsa1Shopak1a2alsi2uk9lneol.miwd6fOa3t0aeMcoEh0ytnielo0mncbHtfcma3hler,oparee3eom)aa/.xidcssnFpr,ietafurweyoefrrdrahrt(ioemh4acimnc1hmeha0cret,e,d7iimdtswohtmn3oweah/so2ioeS)vcr0,lbahoel3bktlaaatuihmbhaismanoeamEsedvneldae froonmthteheinWfoarmterasthioendoAbtgaeinnceyd ofrfoSmakthiaeEWl HatearmshraedanAdgeOnuceydofESdadkaiahaEbl.HTahmerpaaasnsdagOeuoefdthEids deaxhceapb.tiTohneal flpoaosdsacgaeuosefdthtihseexocveeprtflioonwalofflothoedwcaaudsiewd athteersovoenrftlhoewcroefstthoefwthaeddi wamateorfsSoankitaheElcrHesatmorfat,hleeaddaimngotfo thSeakdiaegErladHaatimonrao, fle“atdhiengdotwo nthsteredaemgrsaldoapteio”nanofd“tthheeodpoewninnsgtroeafmtwsolobpree”acahneds othfea ohpuenndinregdomf etwteors inbrtehaechbeosdoyfoaf hthuenddraemd amtettheersleinvetlhoefbtohdeymoifntohrebdeadmofatththeeOleuveedl.oTfhtheehmeiignhotrobfetdheoftwthoe bOruececdi.aTwhaes ahuegimghetnotef dthceotnwsoidberreacbcliya awsatshaeusgpmillegnrtaedducaolnlysidaperparbolaycahsedthaensdpialllmgroasdturaelalychaepdptrhoeaclhevedelaonfdthaelmwoasdt i (Freigauchreed1)t.he level of the wadi (Figure 1)
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