Abstract
This paper describes a 1.5-V low dropout regulator (LDO)-free ultra-low-power 2.4-GHz CMOS receiver for direct-powering through a coin battery. By effective merging the quadrature low noise amplifier (LNA), in phase and quadrature (I/Q) mixers, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) in one cell, while removing the LDO, we fully utilize the available 1.5-V voltage supply for current-reuse between blocks, minimizing the dc current consumption. Specifically, a quadrature LNA operating as both common-source and common-drain provides the I/Q outputs in the signal path. Forward-body-bias applied to the transconductance stage of the I/Q mixers relaxes their voltage headroom consumption. Prototyped in 180-nm CMOS, the receiver exhibits a conversion gain (CG) of 23 dB, a noise figure (NF) of 13.8 dB and an input-referred 3rd-order intercept point (IIP3) of −14 dBm while consuming only 2 mA. The phase noise of the VCO is −118.5 dBc/Hz at 2.5 MHz offset. The low-cost technology and low current consumption renders the receiver suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) devices using the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) or ZigBee standards.
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