Abstract
Abstract This paper proposes a definition of cognition as a system capable of both action and perception, in which the coupling of action and perception is such that (1) the system exhibits operational closure, and (2) the emergent behavior of the system in its environment satisfies a meaningful constraint. It is argued that the immune system of vertebrates meets the requirements of the definition, and hence that the immune system is a cognitive entity. The full articulation of the brain cognitive science also requires a study of emergent behavior at the level of meaningful interactions between a system endowed with closure and its environment. The objects of cognition, with or without neurones, are brought into existence by the coupled perceptions and actions of the cognitive system itself.
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