A cognitive-behavioral model of dyspnea: Qualitative interviews with individuals with advanced lung cancer.

Abstract

Shortness of breath, or dyspnea, is the subjective experience of breathing discomfort and is a common, distressing, and debilitating symptom of lung cancer. There are no efficacious pharmacological treatments, but there is suggestive evidence that cognitive-behavioral treatments could relieve dyspnea. For this, understanding the psychological, behavioral, and social factors that may affect dyspnea severity is critical. To this end, patients with dyspnea were interviewed with questions framed by the cognitive-behavioral model-emphasizing thoughts, emotions, and behaviors as contributors and outcomes of dyspnea. Two trained individuals conducted semi-structured interviews with lung cancer patients (N = 15) reporting current dyspnea. Interviews assessed patients' cognitive-behavioral experiences with dyspnea. Study personnel used a grounded theory approach for qualitative analysis to code the interviews. Inter-rater reliability of codes was high (κ = 0.90). Thoughts: Most common were patients' catastrophic thoughts about their health and receiving enough oxygen when breathless. Emotions: Anxiety about dyspnea was the most common, followed by anger, sadness, and shame related to dyspnea. Behaviors: Patients rested and took deep breaths to relieve acute episodes of dyspnea. To reduce the likelihood of dyspnea, patients planned their daily activity or reduced their physical activity at the expense of engagement in hobbies and functional activities. Patients identified cognitive-behavioral factors (thoughts, emotions, and behaviors) that coalesce with dyspnea. The data provide meaningful insights into potential cognitive-behavioral interventions that could target contributors to dyspnea.