Abstract
We present the design of an electron velocity map imaging (VMI) spectrometer where the ionizing laser source propagates along the symmetry axis of the spectrometer. The co-axial geometry is useful in a variety of experiments, because it provides a unique 2-dimensional projection of the 3-dimensional electron momentum distribution. Initial simulations show that this co-axial VMI can work with both high energy (more than 100 eV) and low energy (tens of eV) electrons. We demonstrate the performance of this co-axial VMI spectrometer at the Linac Coherent Light Source X-ray Free Electron Laser facility.
Highlights
Charged particle spectrometers that measure angle- and kinetic energy-resolved distributions of photoelectrons or photoions have become a popular tool for studying photoionization and photodetachment
Using soft X-ray pulses provided by the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-ray free electron laser (XFEL), we studied near-edge core-level ionization of molecular CO2 near 560 eV
We demonstrated a novel co-axial velocity map imaging (c–VMI) spectrometer design
Summary
Charged particle spectrometers that measure angle- and kinetic energy-resolved distributions of photoelectrons or photoions have become a popular tool for studying photoionization and photodetachment. This new co-axial geometry VMI is an invaluable tool for applications in attosecond experiments In addition to applications in angular streaking applications, the co-axial geometry is useful in experiments with cross-polarized laser pulses in RABBIT-like experiments,[30] extreme ultra-violet pulses from high-harmonic generation with polarization perpendicular to alignment laser axis in photoelectron angular distribution measurements,[31] and circularly polarized laser strong-field ionizations.[32,33] Overall, the c–VMI design benefits experiments that involve circularly polarized light fields with angle-resolved electron detection. In this paper we show that we are able to satisfy the VMI imaging criterion with sufficiently high resolution
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