Abstract
Numerical modelling has emerged as a powerful and effective tool to study various dynamic behaviours of biological matter. Such numerical modelling tools have contributed to the optimisations of food drying parameters leading to higher quality end-products in the field of food engineering. In this context, one of the most recent developments is the meshfree-based numerical models, which have demonstrated enhanced capabilities to model cellular deformations during drying, providing many benefits compared to conventional grid-based modelling approaches. However, the potential extension of this method for simulating bulk level tissues has been a challenge due to the increased requirement for higher computational time and resources. As a solution for this, by incorporating meshfree features, a novel coarse-grained multiscale numerical model is proposed in this work to predict bulk level (macroscale) deformations of food-plant tissues during drying. Accordingly, realistic simulation of morphological changes of apple tissues can now be performed with just 2% of the previous computational time in microscale and macroscale simulations can also be conducted. Compared to contemporary multiscale models, this modelling approach provides more convenient computational implementation as well. Thus, this novel approach can be recommended for efficiently and accurately simulating morphological changes of cellular materials undergoing drying processes, while confirming its potential future expansion to efficiently and accurately predict morphological changes of heterogeneous plant tissues in different spatial scales.
Highlights
In this regard, several bulk scale empirical and theoretical models have been developed to simulate key parameters such as moisture content and morphological changes
As the accuracy of the microscale full cellular (MFC) model for simulating real tissue deformations increases with the number of cells used,[12] it is essential to use an adequately large tissue in the multiscale method to increase the accuracy of the coarse-grained multiscale (CGMS)
Moderate values of b are recommended to increase the accuracy of the CGMS model predictions. This investigation focused on the development of a twodimensional (2-D) coarse-grained multiscale (CGMS) model for simulating morphological changes of food-plant tissues during drying
Summary
Several bulk scale empirical and theoretical models have been developed to simulate key parameters such as moisture content and morphological changes. Despite their simplicity, the empirical models are limited in their use for diverse food varieties due to over-reliance on experimental conditions.[4] Fundamental heat and mass transfer theories such as Fick’s law have been incorporated in the theoretical drying models and most of them disregard the transient effects of shrinkage at the boundary, which in return leads to unrealistic results. The microscale problem is only solved inside a RVE Despite its accuracy, this particular multiscale method can only save up to 50% of the computational time compared to full-scale SPH-based meshfree model. Further improved computational solutions are still to be investigated in the context of macroscale tissues
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