Abstract
BackgroundPneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) effectively prevent pneumococcal disease but the global impact of pneumococcal vaccination is hampered by the cost of PCV. The relevance and feasibility of trials of reduced dose schedules is greatest in middle- and low-income countries, such as The Gambia, where PCV has been introduced with good disease control but where transmission of vaccine-type pneumococci persists. We are conducting a large cluster-randomised, non-inferiority, field trial of an alternative reduced dose schedule of PCV compared to the standard schedule, the PVS trial.MethodsPVS is a prospective, cluster-randomised, non-inferiority, real-world field trial of an alternative schedule of one dose of PCV scheduled at age 6 weeks with a booster dose at age 9 months (i.e. the alternative ‘1 + 1’ schedule) compared to the standard schedule of three primary doses scheduled at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age (i.e. the standard ‘3 + 0’ schedule). The intervention will be delivered for 4 years. The primary endpoint is the population-level prevalence of nasopharyngeal vaccine-type pneumococcal carriage in children aged 2 weeks to 59 months with clinical pneumonia in year 4 of the trial. Participants and field staff are not masked to group allocation while measurement of the laboratory endpoint will be masked. Sixty-eight geographic population clusters have been randomly allocated, in a 1:1 ratio, to each schedule and all resident infants are eligible for enrolment. All resident children less than 5 years of age are under continuous surveillance for clinical safety endpoints measured at 11 health facilities; invasive pneumococcal disease, radiological pneumonia, clinical pneumonia, and hospitalisations. Secondary endpoints include the population-level prevalence of nasopharyngeal vaccine-type pneumococcal carriage in years 2 and 4 and vaccine-type carriage prevalence in unimmunised infants aged 6–12 weeks in year 4. The trial includes components of mathematical modelling, health economics, and health systems research.DiscussionAnalysis will account for potential non-independence of measurements by cluster, comparing the population-level impact of the two schedules with interpretation at the individual level. The non-inferiority margin is informed by the ‘acceptable loss of effect’ of the alternative compared to the standard schedule. The secondary endpoints will provide substantial evidence to support the interpretation of the primary endpoint. PVS will evaluate the effect of transition from a standard 3+ 0 schedule to an alternative 1 + 1 schedule in a setting of high pneumococcal transmission. The results of PVS will inform global decision-making concerning the use of reduced-dose PCV schedules.Trial registrationInternational Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number 15056916. Registered on 15 November 2018.
Highlights
Background and rationale {6a} Despite the pneumococcus causing more childhood deaths than any single pathogen [2, 3], global control of pneumococcal disease is hampered by the cost of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs)
The non-inferiority margin is informed by the ‘acceptable loss of effect’ of the alternative compared to the standard schedule
PVS will evaluate the effect of transition from a standard 3+ 0 schedule to an alternative 1 + 1 schedule in a setting of high pneumococcal transmission
Summary
Background and rationale {6a} Despite the pneumococcus causing more childhood deaths than any single pathogen [2, 3], global control of pneumococcal disease is hampered by the cost of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). In addition to the relatively high cost of several new vaccines that have recently been introduced in many low-income countries, expanded programmes on immunisation (EPI) face the additional challenge of schedules with increasing numbers of doses. Low-income countries receive subsidised PCV through the GAVI Alliance, providing a co-payment of 0.15–0.30 USD per dose (increasing 15% per year in ‘intermediate’ countries) [4]. The relevance and feasibility of trials of reduced dose schedules is greatest in middle- and low-income countries, such as The Gambia, where PCV has been introduced with good disease control but where transmission of vaccine-type pneumococci persists. We are conducting a large cluster-randomised, non-inferiority, field trial of an alternative reduced dose schedule of PCV compared to the standard schedule, the PVS trial
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