A Closed Model of the Universe

Fadel A Bukhari

doi:10.4236/ijaa.2013.32022

Abstract

A closed model of the universe was constructed according to the assumption that very minor fraction of the dark energy transfers so slowly to matter and radiation. The cosmological parameter is no longer fixed but represents so slowly decreasing function with time. In this model the universe expands to maximum limit at tme = 26.81253 Gyr, then it will contract to a big crunch at tbc = 53.6251 Gyr. Observational tests to the closed cosmic model were illustrated. Distributions of the universe expansion and contraction speed established in this model which indicated that the expansion speed in the early universe is appreciably high, then it will decrease rapidly until it vanishes at tme. However, the contraction speed of the universe increases continuously until the time just before tbe. Distributions of the universe expansion and contraction acceleration were performed empirically which confirmed the previous result were performed empirically. In the closed cosmic model the universe history can be categorized into six main stages, these are the first radiation epoch, the first matter epoch, the first dark energy epoch, the last dark energy epoch, the last matter epoch and the last radiation epoch. Distributions of the density parameters of the radiation, matter, dark energy and the total density as well as the distributions of temperature of the radiation and non-relativistic matter were all investigated in this model at all epochs of the universe.

Highlights

In pervious two articles [1,2] the cosmological parameter was assumed constant in five general cosmic models
The cosmological parameter is no longer fixed but represents so slowly decreasing function with time. In this model the universe expands to maximum limit at tme = 26.81253 Gyr, it will contract to a big crunch at tbc = 53.6251 Gyr
Distributions of the universe expansion and contraction speed were established in this model which indicated that the expansion speed in the early universe is appreciably high, it will decrease rapidly until it vanishes at tme

Summary

Introduction

In pervious two articles [1,2] the cosmological parameter was assumed constant in five general cosmic models. C4 8πG does not remain constant with time This point of view is in a good agreement with the Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle that there is an uncertainty in the amount of energy which can exist. This small uncertainty allows non-zero energy E to exist for short intervals of time t. In the present study is assumed to be very slowly decreasing function of the cosmic time t such that any decrease in c2 say.

Methodology

Determination of tme

Results and Discussion

Conclusion