Abstract
Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), such as air conditioners (ACs), are important demand response resources—they have a certain heat storage capacity. A change in the operating status of an air conditioner in a small range will not noticeably affect the users’ comfort level. Load control of TCLs is considered to be equivalent to a power plant of the same capacity in effect, and it can significantly reduce the system pressure to peak load shift. The thermodynamic model of air conditioning can be used to study the aggregate power of a number of ACs that respond to the step signal of a temperature set point. This paper analyzes the influence of the parameters of each AC in the group to the indoor temperature and the total load, and derives a simplified control model based on the two order linear time invariant transfer function. Then, the stability of the model and designs its Proportional-Integral-Differential (PID) controller based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is also studied. The case study presented in this paper simulates both scenarios of constant ambient temperature and changing ambient temperature to verify the proposed transfer function model and control strategy can closely track the reference peak load shifting curves. The study also demonstrates minimal changes in the indoor temperature and the users’ comfort level.
Highlights
Demand Response (DR) is defined as the changes in electric usage by customers from their normal usage patterns with changes in the price of electricity over time
The core contribution and innovation of this paper lies in exploring a simplified two order linear time invariant transfer function model by analyzing the duty cycle of the air conditioning group, proposing a closed-loop control strategy to provide a new way for flexible loads to participate in demand response, and putting forward two suggestions to solve the problem that parameters of the proposed transfer function model vary with the ambient temperature in the case study
This paper presented the design of a closed-loop control strategy for air conditioning loads to participate in load control
Summary
Demand Response (DR) is defined as the changes in electric usage by customers from their normal usage patterns with changes in the price of electricity over time. In [16], the electric heat load DLC algorithm is based on the state sequence control algorithm, which aims to stabilize tie-line power fluctuations between distribution network and micro-grid including clean energy These methods adopt price signals or power surge signals to control the switch state of the users’. The core contribution and innovation of this paper lies in exploring a simplified two order linear time invariant transfer function model by analyzing the duty cycle of the air conditioning group, proposing a closed-loop control strategy to provide a new way for flexible loads to participate in demand response, and putting forward two suggestions to solve the problem that parameters of the proposed transfer function model vary with the ambient temperature in the case study.
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