A cloacal anomaly is not a disorder of sex development.

Abstract

Misdiagnosing a cloaca as a disorder of sex development may lead to inappropriate testing, treatment, and negative emotional consequences to families. We were impressed by the fact that a significant number of patients suffering from a cloaca were referred to us with the diagnosis of a "disorder of sex development" previously referred as "ambiguous genitalia" or "intersex". On re-evaluation, none of them truly had a disorder of sex differentiation. This prompted us to conduct the following retrospective review to try to find the cause of the misdiagnosis and the way to prevent it. A retrospective review of our colorectal database was performed to identify the total number of patients with cloacas and the number initially diagnosed as "ambiguous genitalia, intersex"/disorder of sex development. The external appearance of their genitalia and unnecessary testing or treatment received were recorded. A total of 605 patients with cloacas were identified. Of these, 77 (12.7%) were referred to us with the diagnosis of "ambiguous genitalia" and 13 of them (17%) went on to receive an intervention that was not indicated: karyotyping (10), steroids (3), and ovarian biopsy (1). The karyotype result in all patients was XX. The misdiagnosis was triggered by the external appearance of the perineum, simulating a case of virilization with a hypertrophic clitoris, but was simply prominent labial skin. Careful examination of the perineal structure allowed us to determine that it consisted of folded skin with no evidence of corpora. Patients born with a cloaca are at risk for mismanagement from being erroneously labeled as disorders of sex development. The diagnosis of a cloacal anomaly is a clinical one. The practitioner must distinguish between phallus-like clitoral hypertrophy and a normal clitoris with prominent labial skin.