Abstract
BackgroundPneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death among children, with approximately half of deaths attributable to pneumonia occurring in limited health resource settings of sub-Saharan Africa. Clinical guidance tools and checklists have been used to improve health outcomes and standardize care. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of a clinical guidance tool designed to improve outcomes for children hospitalized with severe pneumonia in Zambia.MethodsThis study was conducted at University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia from October 10, 2011 to March 21, 2014 among children 1 month to 5 years of age with severe pneumonia. In March 2013, a clinical guidance tool was implemented to standardize and improve care. In-hospital mortality pre-and post-implementation was compared.ResultsFour hundred forty-three children were enrolled in the pre-intervention period and 250 in the post-intervention period. Overall, 18.2 % of children died during hospitalization, with 44 % of deaths occurring within the first 24 h after admission. Mortality was associated with HIV infection status, pneumonia severity, and weight-for-height z-score. Despite improving and standardizing the care received, the clinical guidance tool did not significantly reduce mortality (relative risk: 0.89; 95 % CI: 0.65, 1.23). The tool appeared to be more effective among HIV-exposed but uninfected children and children younger than 6 months of age.ConclusionsSimple tools are needed to ensure that children hospitalized with pneumonia receive the best possible care in accordance with recommended guidelines. The clinical guidance tool was well-accepted and easy to use and succeeded in standardizing and improving care. Further research is needed to determine if similar interventions can improve treatment outcomes and should be implemented on a larger scale.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-016-0665-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death among children, with approximately half of deaths attributable to pneumonia occurring in limited health resource settings of sub-Saharan Africa
Setting and population This study was conducted at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka, Zambia within a sample of children enrolled into the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study [17]
Children enrolled in the post-intervention period were significantly more likely than those enrolled in the pre-intervention period to be admitted with very severe pneumonia (38.4 % vs. 28.7 %; p = 0.009), to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected (19.2 % vs. 14.2 %; p = 0.02), to have a normal Weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) (70.4 % vs. 46.9 % with WHZ −2 to 2; p < 0.0001), and to have a normal chest x-ray (40.9 % vs. 30.1 %; p = 0.02)
Summary
Pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death among children, with approximately half of deaths attributable to pneumonia occurring in limited health resource settings of sub-Saharan Africa. Clinical guidance tools and checklists have been used to improve health outcomes and standardize care. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of a clinical guidance tool designed to improve outcomes for children hospitalized with severe pneumonia in Zambia. Half of deaths attributable to pneumonia occur in sub-Saharan Africa [1], where resources in the health sector are limited. HIV-exposed infants should receive cotrimoxazole for presumptive pneumocystis pneumonia [9] Addressing these needs requires adequate supplies of antibiotics, oxygen, bronchodilators and appropriate equipment, but frequent monitoring by nurses and physicians to identify and address each child’s medical needs. Many children with pneumonia may not receive the recommended standard of care and may experience poorer outcomes
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