A classification method to classify bone marrow cells with class imbalance problem

Abstract

Bone marrow cell morphology has long been used to diagnose blood diseases. However, it requires long-term experience from a suitable person. Furthermore, the outcomes of their recognition are subjective and no quantitative standard has been established yet. Consequently, developing a deep learning automatic system for classifying bone marrow cells is extremely important. However, real-life data sets, such as bone marrow cell data, constantly suffer from a long-tail distribution problem, owing to which the final trained classifier is biased toward a large number of categories. Thus, addressing this issue is crucial. The current research presents a class balance classification method (CBCM) for classifying 15 types of bone marrow cell data sets with a class imbalance problem. CBCM outperforms other balance approaches such as random over-sampling, synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE), random under-sampling, weighted random forest and weighted cross-entropy function, achieving precision, sensitivity, and specificity values of 84.53%, 84.44% and 99.29% respectively. A more extensive comparison between the baseline and CBCM, as well as the Grad-CAM and Guided Grad-CAM of CBCM, reveals that CBCM is a reliable and effective solution to address the long-tail distribution problem of the bone marrow cell data sets.