A chronic EBV infection causing persistent facial erythema multiforme and a retrospective literature review: A case report

Abstract

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with a variety of diseases and can involve multiple organs and systems, with complex and nonspecific clinical manifestations that are easily misdiagnosed. Chronic EBV infection with persistent erythema multiforme (EM) on the cheek as the main manifestation is very rare and has been reported rarely. This article reports a case of an adolescent female with chronic EBV infection who presented with chronic symmetrical erythema lesions on the face for 4 years, exacerbated with photophobia, lacrimation, Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP)-like rash, decline in granulocyte and erythrocyte lineages, hematuria, and proteinuria for 1 week. The disease was initially misdiagnosed as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and later confirmed as chronic EBV infection by skin biopsy. In the case, EBV infection not only caused chronic facial EM, but also induced acute HSP and purpura nephritis (hematuria and proteinuria type). The child was treated with 1 week of glucocorticosteroids in adequate doses combined with acyclovir antiviral therapy and 3 sessions of hemoperfusion. After discharge, she took prednisone acetate (15 mg twice a day) orally for 1 month and then discontinued. She was discharged with her rash relieved and normal blood routine test and urine routine test. After 13 months of long-term follow-up, her facial erythema and hyperpigmentation became lighter, and there was no new rash on the whole body, and no abnormality in continuous monitoring of complete blood count and urine test. This case suggests the need to be alert for chronic EBV infection in adolescent females with chronic facial EM rash and multiple organs and systems injury, in addition to connective tissue diseases such as SLE.