A Chironomid Record of Early-Middle Holocene Environmental Evolution in the Darhad Basin, Northern Mongolia.

Abstract

Simple SummaryThe Holocene humidity evolution presents spatial heterogeneity in the Mongolian Plateau where multiple circulation systems converged. Inconsistent records of regional environmental evolution affect accurate assessment of lake ecosystems. Chironomid larvae are one of the most abundant benthic invertebrates in lakes. The taxa composition of their functional groups is largely determined by aquatic habitats. Therefore, analyzing the changes of their functional traits can effectively indicate the hydrological dynamics in the past. In this study, we analyzed the early-middle Holocene (9.0–4.5 cal kyr BP) subfossil chironomid assemblages of a sedimentary sequence from the Darhad Basin in northern Mongolia. At 9.0 cal kyr BP, the community structure suddenly changed from littoral taxa to sublittoral/profundal taxa, reflecting an environmental transition from a river or shallow lake condition to a deep lake environment, which lasted until 4.5 cal kyr BP. Those hydrological patterns are consistent with the humidity evolution in the Westerlies dominated region, except that the onset of wetness occurred one thousand years earlier when comparing our results with previous ones, which may be related to the melting of regional glaciers and permafrost caused by increased summer solar insolation.Under the influence of various circulation systems, the Holocene humidity conditions on the Mongolian Plateau are spatially heterogeneous and the underlying mechanism is still ambiguous. The complexity of climate change may affect the accuracy of assessing lake ecosystem evolution. In this study, based on the precise chronology, a chironomid assemblage sequence from the Darhad Basin in northern Mongolia is analyzed to elucidate the hydroclimate variation during the early-middle Holocene. The results show that the chironomid communities changed suddenly from littoral taxa to sublittoral/profundal taxa at about 9 cal kyr BP, reflecting an environmental transition from a river or shallow lake condition to a deep lake environment. Thereafter, most parts of the paleolake remained at a relatively high level until 4.5 cal kyr BP. This hydrological pattern resembles the typical humidity variations in the Westerlies affected regions, except that the onset of wetter conditions occurred one thousand years earlier as reflected in our results. The melting of glaciers and permafrost in the basin resulting from the early increased summer solar insolation could be a feasible explanation for these time advances.