A chemometric-based sonication-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction for analysis of sulfadiazine in dairy products and honey using low viscous hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents

Abstract

This research article describes a new method for efficient extraction of sulfadiazine in dairy products and honey using low viscous hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The analytical method involved the use of a simple and green sonication-assisted DES-based liquid–liquid microextraction (SA-DES-LLME) prior to spectrophotometric determination. In the light of the preliminary experiments, the important parameters (pH, DES volume, sonication time and extraction temperature) of the SA-DES-LLME method were optimized using a central composite design. Validation parameters such as selectivity, recovery, robustness, repeatability and reproducibility were determined under optimized conditions (pH:6.2, DES-3 volume: 760 µL, sonication time: 1.5 min and extraction temperature: 35 °C). In addition, the optimized SA-DES-LLME provides good recovery (96 ± 3%), low relative standard deviation (1.9%), wide linearity range (2–250 ng mL−1), low limit of detection (0.6 ng mL−1), and high preconcentration factor (200) for sulfadiazine. Finally, the optimized SA-DES-LLME was successfully applied for the determination and extraction of sulfadiazine in dairy products and honey, and quantitative recoveries were achieved (89 ± 7% and 98 ± 5%).