Abstract
Abstract. Extreme convective events in the troposphere not only have immediate impacts on the surface, but they can also influence the dynamics and composition of the lower stratosphere (LS). One major impact is the moistening of the LS by overshooting convection. This effect plays a crucial role in climate feedback, as small changes of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) have a large impact on the radiative budget of the atmosphere. In this case study, we investigate water vapor injections into the LS by two consecutive convective events in the European mid-latitudes within the framework of the MOSES (Modular Observation Solutions for Earth Systems) measurement campaign during the early summer of 2019. Using balloon-borne instruments, measurements of convective water vapor injection into the stratosphere were performed. Such measurements with a high vertical resolution are rare. The magnitude of the stratospheric water vapor reached up to 12.1 ppmv (parts per million by volume), with an estimated background value of 5 ppmv. Hence, the water vapor enhancement reported here is of the same order of magnitude as earlier reports of water vapor injection by convective overshooting over North America. However, the overshooting took place in the extratropical stratosphere over Europe and has a stronger impact on long-term water vapor mixing ratios in the stratosphere compared to the monsoon-influenced region in North America. At the altitude of the measured injection, a sharp drop in a local ozone enhancement peak makes the observed composition of air very unique with high ozone up to 650 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) and high water vapor up to 12.1 ppmv. ERA-Interim does not show any signal of the convective overshoot, the water vapor values measured by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) in the LS are lower than the in situ observations, and the ERA5 overestimated water vapor mixing ratios. Backward trajectories of the measured injected air masses reveal that the moistening of the LS took place several hours before the balloon launch. This is in good agreement with the reanalyses, which shows a strong change in the structure of isotherms and a sudden and short-lived increase in potential vorticity at the altitude and location of the trajectory. Similarly, satellite data show low cloud-top brightness temperatures during the overshooting event, which indicates an elevated cloud top height.
Highlights
Extreme weather events tend to have immediate consequences on nature and the built environment and greater long-term impacts on climate and ecosystems
We investigate the transport of water vapor into the extratropical lower stratosphere injected by deep convective events over Europe, using observations within the MOSES (Modular Observations Solutions of Earth Systems) measurement campaign
A number of case studies of overshooting tops and their vertical transport of water vapor were performed above the North American continent
Summary
Extreme weather events tend to have immediate consequences on nature and the built environment and greater long-term impacts on climate and ecosystems. The contribution of overshooting convection to the moisture budget of the lower stratosphere and a potential increase of overshooting convection with global warming is still under discussion (Jensen et al, 2020) It was shown in a previous work that deep convective events can penetrate the tropopause and have a significant impact on the water vapor concentration in the lower stratosphere (Smith et al, 2017). Two cases of overshooting convection on 2 consecutive days (10 and 11 June 2019) are discussed in this study Both cases show that significant amounts of water vapor can be transported into the lower stratosphere by deep convective events over Central Europe and not just in the North American and Asian monsoon regions.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
