Abstract
Uterine arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is defined as the rare occurrence of an abnormal and nonfunctional connection between uterine arteries and veins. Bleeding per vaginum is the typical presentation with potential for acute onset, life threatening haemorrhage. Investigations including ultrasound with or without doppler, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and angiography are often used to aid in the diagnosis. Management of uterine AVMs depend on the hemodynamic status of the patient, size and site of the lesion, severity of bleeding symptoms, age of the patient, desire for future fertility and treatment expertise available at hand.
Highlights
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) referred to as cirsoid aneurysm, arteriovenous aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula and cavernous hemangioma, can occur in any organ in the body [1]
Congenital uterine AVMs are thought to develop from a defect during embryologic differentiation leading to abnormal vascular connections, whereas acquired uterine AVMs have been reported to occur secondary to previous uterine trauma, such as a curettage or a caesarean delivery, or be associated with neoplastic disorders, including gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and endometrial adenocarcinoma [1,2]
Diagnosis of uterine AVM could be made by using non-invasive methods like transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) and the colour doppler
Summary
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) referred to as cirsoid aneurysm, arteriovenous aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula and cavernous hemangioma, can occur in any organ in the body [1]. Management of uterine AVMs depend on the hemodynamic status of the patient, size and site of the lesion, severity of bleeding symptoms, age of the patient, desire for future fertility and treatment expertise available at hand. The therapeutic options available include medications like uterotonic and the combined contraceptive pill, balloon tamponade, surgical removal of the AVM, laparoscopic bipolar coagulation, uterine artery embolization and hysterectomy.
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