Abstract
BackgroundAdvanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can often spread as intrahepatic metastases. Extrahepatic metastasis (e.g., lung, lymph nodes, and bones) is rare, and gallbladder metastasis from HCC is extremely rare.Case presentationA 66-year-old woman who presented with right hypochondrial pain was referred to our hospital for further examination of a liver tumor. The blood chemistry data showed elevated levels of serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) (3730 ng/mL), protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II (PIVKA-II) (130 mAU/mL), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (358.6 ng/mL). Hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibody were negative. Dynamic computed tomography (CT) showed a tumor measuring 12 × 7 cm in the right lobe of the liver. This tumor was contrast-enhanced in the hepatic arterial phase and then became less dense than the liver parenchyma in the portal phase. A well-enhanced tumor was found in the gallbladder. No regional lymph nodes were enlarged. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated that the liver tumor showed a pattern of early enhancement and washout. The gallbladder tumor was also detected as an enhanced mass. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) showed compression of the left hepatic duct due to the liver tumor. The patient was diagnosed with simultaneous HCC and gallbladder cancer. Right hepatic trisectionectomy and caudate lobectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection were performed. Histopathological examination of the resected liver specimen showed a poorly differentiated HCC cell component with a trabecular and solid growth, and diffuse invasion of the portal vein. The same tumor cells were found in the gallbladder, but no continuity with the liver tumor was identified. Immunohistochemistry of the liver tumor and gallbladder was positive for AFP, Glypican 3, and CK7, and negative for CK19. The final pathological diagnosis was the gallbladder metastasis from HCC. A follow-up diagnostic image 33 months after surgery showed a mass in the upper lobe of the left lung. The patient underwent left upper lobectomy. Postoperative pathology revealed that the lung lesion was a metastasis of HCC. The patient was still alive with lung metastasis and was being treated with a molecular-targeting drug in good health 42 months after the initial surgery.ConclusionsThe standard treatment for advanced HCC with extrahepatic metastases is molecularly targeted drugs, but surgery is also an option if the lesion can be resected en bloc without remnants.
Highlights
BackgroundAdvanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can spread as intrahepatic metastases more than to extrahepatic metastases (e.g., lung, lymph nodes, and bones)
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can often spread as intrahepatic metastases
The standard treatment for advanced HCC with extrahepatic metastases is molecularly targeted drugs, but surgery is an option if the lesion can be resected en bloc without remnants
Summary
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can spread as intrahepatic metastases more than to extrahepatic metastases (e.g., lung, lymph nodes, and bones). Dynamic computed tomography (CT) showed a tumor measuring 12 × 7 cm in diameter in the right lobe of the liver (Fig. 1a). This tumor showed contrast enhancement in the hepatic arterial phase and became less dense than the liver parenchyma in the portal phase. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) showed that compression of the left hepatic duct due to the liver tumor (Fig. 2). A right hepatic trisectionectomy and caudate lobectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection including regional lymph adenectomy were performed (Fig. 3). Histopathological examination of the resected liver specimen (Fig. 4a) showed a poorly differentiated HCC cells component with a trabecular
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