A case of neuroendocrine oncogenic osteomalacia associated with a PHEX and fibroblast growth factor-23 expressing sinusidal malignant schwannoma

Abstract

Oncogenic osteomalacia is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome that is characterized biochemically by hypophosphatemia and low plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3, and clinically by osteomalacia, pseudofractures, bone pain, fatigue, and muscle weakness. We present a patient with a malignant schwannoma as the underlying cause of this disorder. A permanent cell line (HMS-97) derived from this tumor showed evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation by immunohistochemistry and of neurosecretory activity by electron microscopy. The cell line did express PHEX (phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases located on the X-chromosome) and FGF-23 (fibroblast growth factor-23) transcripts on northern hybridization; however, none of the known mutations from the related mendelian disorders of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets or autosomal-dominant hypophosphatemic rickets could be detected. Tumor cell (HMS-97)-derived conditioned medium did not inhibit phosphate transport in a standard opossum kidney cell assay and in animal experiments. The medium also showed no PTH1- or PTH2-receptor-stimulating bioactivity. HMS-97 cells might be useful for further studies that aim to determine the genetic mechanism that leads to the observed PHEX and FGF-23 expression, both of which might have a direct role in the pathogenesis of oncogenic osteomalacia. In addition, these cells might be a useful tool for the investigation of neuroendocrine Schwann cell function and autoimmune peripheral nerve disease.