Abstract
The immunogenicity and the efficacy of a beta-propiolactone-inactivated caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) vaccine adjuvanted with MF59™ were tested in goats. Following two subcutaneous immunizations, goats developed high titers of CpHV-1-specific serum and vaginal IgG and high serum virus neutralization (VN) titers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated in vitro with inactivated CpHV-1 produced high levels of soluble IFN-gamma and exhibited high frequencies of IFN-gamma producing cells while soluble IL-4 was undetectable. On the other hand, control goats receiving the inactivated CpHV-1 vaccine without adjuvant produced only low serum antibody responses. A vaginal challenge with virulent CpHV-1 was performed in all vaccinated goats and in naïve goats to assess the efficacy of the two vaccines. Vaginal disease was not detected in goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 plus MF59™ and these animals had undetectable levels of infectious challenge virus in their vaginal washes. Goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 in the absence of adjuvant exhibited a less severe disease when compared to naïve goats but shed titers of challenge virus that were similar to those of naïve goats. Detection and quantitation of latent CpHV-1 DNA in sacral ganglia in challenged goats revealed that the inactivated CpHV-1 plus MF59™ vaccine was able to significantly reduce the latent viral load when compared either to the naïve goats or to the goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 in the absence of adjuvant. Thus, a vaccine composed of inactivated CpHV-1 plus MF59™ as adjuvant was strongly immunogenic and induced effective immunity against vaginal CpHV-1 infection in goats.
Highlights
Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) is an Alphaherpesvirus [1] responsible for lethal systemic infections in 1- to 2-week-old kids [2,3] and for mild to subclinical infections in adult goats [4,5]
In order to evaluate the adjuvant activity of MF59TM, goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 only were used as controls while naıve goats served as background controls
In goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 only, the average virus neutralization (VN) titers were slightly above those of naıve goats (,log2 1 in naıve goats; log2 1.360.6 in goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 only) while goats vaccinated with inactivated CpHV-1 plus MF59TM showed average VN titers which were 4- to 8-fold higher than those of naıve that were only 2-fold higher than those of naıve animals
Summary
Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) is an Alphaherpesvirus [1] responsible for lethal systemic infections in 1- to 2-week-old kids [2,3] and for mild to subclinical infections in adult goats [4,5]. Clinical manifestations in adult goats involve the respiratory or the reproductive tract [6] depending on the site of virus entry CpHV-1 infects preferentially the genital mucosa. The virus replicates in the mucosal epithelium and spreads to sacral ganglia to establish latency [7]. An ideal vaccine against CpHV-1 should prevent primary infection and replication in the vaginal mucosa and should interfere with the establishment of latency; reactivation of latent virus and mucosal shedding are responsible for CpHV-1 transmission to other animals in the same flock and to newborns. CpHV-1 shares several biological features with human HSV-2, such as, the tropism for the vaginal epithelium, the type of genital lesions and the establishment of latency in sacral ganglia [7,9,10]
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