Abstract
In 2009, the European Society of Cardiology made updates to recommendations regarding antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of infective endocarditis (IE), effectively limiting indications for prophylaxis to only the highest risk patients undergoing dental procedures with expected manipulation of the gingiva or periapical regions of the teeth.1 Specifically, high-risk patients were defined as those with prosthetic valves or prosthetic materials in the heart, patients with previous IE, and patients with congenital heart disease.
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