A B-spline collocation method for solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using an ad hoc method: the Boundary Residual method

Abstract

Collocation methods using piece-wise polynomials, including B-splines, have been developed to find approximate solutions to both ordinary and partial differential equations. Such methods are elegant in their simplicity and efficient in their application. The spline collocation method is typically more efficient than traditional Galerkin finite element methods, which are used to solve the equations of fluid dynamics. The collocation method avoids integration. Exact formulae are available to find derivatives on spline curves and surfaces. The primary objective of the present work is to determine the requirements for the successful application of B-spline collocation to solve the coupled, steady, 2D, incompressible Navier–Stokes and continuity equations for laminar flow. The successful application of B-spline collocation included the development of ad hoc method dubbed the Boundary Residual method to deal with the presence of the pressure terms in the Navier–Stokes equations. Historically, other ad hoc methods have been developed to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, including the artificial compressibility, pressure correction and penalty methods. Convergence studies show that the ad hoc Boundary Residual method is convergent toward an exact (manufactured) solution for the 2D, steady, incompressible Navier–Stokes and continuity equations. C 1 cubic and quartic B-spline schemes employing orthogonal collocation and C 2 cubic and C 3 quartic B-spline schemes with collocation at the Greville points are investigated. The C 3 quartic Greville scheme is shown to be the most efficient scheme for a given accuracy, even though the C 1 quartic orthogonal scheme is the most accurate for a given partition. Two solution approaches are employed, including a globally-convergent zero-finding Newton's method using an LU decomposition direct solver and the variable-metric minimization method using BFGS update.