A brief review on relaxor ferroelectrics and selected issues in lead-free relaxors

Abstract

Relaxor ferroelectricity is one of the most widely investigated but the least understood material classes in the condensed matter physics. This is largely due to the lack of experimental tools that decisively confirm the existing theoretical models. In spite of the diversity in the models, they share the core idea that the observed features in relaxors are closely related to localized chemical heterogeneity. Given this, this review attempts to overview the existing models of importance chronologically, from the diffuse phase transition model to the random-field model and to show how the core idea has been reflected in them to better shape our insight into the nature of relaxor-related phenomena. Then, the discussion will be directed to how the models of a common consensus, developed with the so-called canonical relaxors such as Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) and (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 (PLZT), are compatible with phenomenological explanations for the recently identified relaxors such as (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 (BNT)-based lead-free ferroelectrics. This review will be finalized with a discussion on the theoretical aspects of recently introduced 0−3 and 2−2 ferroelectric/relaxor composites as a practical tool for strain engineering.