A Brief Review on Concurrent Training: From Laboratory to the Field.

Spyridon Methenitis

doi:10.3390/sports6040127

Abstract

The majority of sports rely on concurrent training (CT; e.g., the simultaneous training of strength and endurance). However, a phenomenon called “Concurrent training effect” (CTE), which is a compromise in adaptation resulting from concurrent training, appears to be mostly affected by the interference of the molecular pathways of the underlying adaptations from each type of training segments. Until now, it seems that the volume, intensity, type, frequency of endurance training, as well as the training history and background strongly affect the CTE. High volume, moderate, continuous and frequent endurance training, are thought to negatively affect the resistance training-induced adaptations, probably by inhibition of the Protein kinase B—mammalian target of rapamycin pathway activation, of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In contrast, it seems that short bouts of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or sprint interval training (SIT) minimize the negative effects of concurrent training. This is particularly the case when HIIT and SIT incorporated in cycling have even lower or even no negative effects, while they provide at least the same metabolic adaptations, probably through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC-1a) pathway. However, significant questions about the molecular events underlying the CTE remain unanswered.

Highlights

Systematic training aims to increase the physical/fitness performance of each athlete or individual.One of the pillars of training theory is the training supercompensation cycle, firstly described by Yakovlev [1]
high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) incorporated in cycling have even lower or even no negative effects, while they provide at least the same metabolic adaptations, probably through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC-1a) pathway
High volume/distance, long-term (>20 min), moderate intensity (

Summary

Introduction

Systematic training aims to increase the physical/fitness performance of each athlete or individual. One of the pillars of training theory is the training supercompensation cycle, firstly described by Yakovlev [1] According to this theory, the physical loads from each training session and/or period serve as a potential stimulus which leads to a reaction of the human body [1]. In the consecutive hours and days following the end of a training session or period, a pronounced recovery process is taking place, which leads to the return to the pre-training levels of physical/fitness performance and work capability. At this point, the body continues to react to the stimulation of the previous training session or period [1]. Resistance training promotes mostly the increase of muscle hypertrophy, strength and power via the AKT-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway that stimulates myofibrillar protein synthesis

The Concurrent Training Effect

2: Nuclear factorPGC-1a:

The Role of Training Frequency and Intra-Session Exercise Sequence

The Problem of the Acute Studies and the Role of Training History Background

Conclusions

Questions to Be Answered in Future Studies