Abstract
Significant strides have been made since 1940s for monitoring brain activities and utilizing the information for diagnosis, therapy, and control of robotic instruments including prosthetics. Monitoring brain activities with brain computer interfacing (BCI) technologies are of recent interest to due to the immense potential for various medical applications, particularly for many neurological disorder patients, and the emergence of technologies suitable for long duration BCI applications. Recent initiatives are geared towards transforming these clinic centric technologies to patient centric technologies by monitoring brain activities in practical settings. This paper briefly reviews current status of these technologies and relevant challenges. The technologies can be broadly classified into non-invasive (EEG, MEG, MRI) and invasive (Microelectrode, ECoG, MEA). Challenges to resolve include neuronal damage, neurotrophicity, usability and comfort.
Highlights
The human brain consists of 86 billion of neurons that communicate information through electro-chemical action potential, an endogenic bioelectric phenomenon, and preserves these information in 1014-1015 synapses as increased connectivity through these induced processes [1]
Signal of neuronal activities from action potential of individual neurons are collected from a layer inside the cortex where electrodes penetrate the pia mater and at some depth inside the cortex to reach the desired location
While MEG and functional MRI (fMRI) requires highly sensitive magnetic sensors, limited to clinical settings, EEG provides a solution towards brain signal monitoring in natural settings
Summary
The human brain consists of 86 billion of neurons that communicate information through electro-chemical action potential, an endogenic bioelectric phenomenon, and preserves these information in 1014-1015 synapses as increased connectivity through these induced processes [1]. LFP is recorded by filtering the electrode signals through a low pass filter (1-100 Hz), while the neuron firings are detected through a spike discriminator [3] Such endogenic electrical activities are recorded through microelectrodes placed inside the brain cortex or at the surface of the brain cortex (invasive). For the modern information intensive and demanding workloads, it is frequently required to have quantitative metrics for individual and collective engagement assessment in multiple tasks simultaneously [12] Understanding this critical connectivity, activations, and mechanism are necessary for developing strategies and rehabilitation therapies to aid in various treatments. These technologies often referred to as BCI, can be performed at the vicinity of neurons inside the brain cortex, on the scalp, even remotely [14]. Increased blood Remote (bed - flow at cortical inside a tubular lobes equipment)
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