A brief report of the first red list of endangered bryophytes in China

1. Anastrophyllum hellerianum (Lindenb.) R.M.Schust.Contributors: D. A. Callaghan and M. LuthPortugal: 1 km south of Mata da Albergaria, Peneda-Geres National Park, Braga District, 41°45′38″N, 8°8′...

With 127 rare and endangered plant species of Inner Mongolian in Catalogue of Rare and Endangered Plants in China, China Plant Red Book, National Key Protected Wild Plants List (List No. 1), China Species Red List, Red List of Biodiversity in China: Volume of Higher Plants, List of Rare and Endangered Plants in Inner Mongolia and Atlas of Rare and Endangered Plants in Inner Mongolia as objects, an evaluation system of the threatened grades and conservation priority of rare and endangered plants were built based on data collection and consultation with experts. We set the five criteria, including endangered coefficient, genetic coefficient, utilization coefficient, habitat coefficient, and reproduction coefficient, under which there were 17 subordinate indicators. The analytic hierarchy process was employed to determine the weight of indicators in the system and calculate the endangered grades and conservation priority grades for the rare and endangered species. According to the results of evaluations, two critically endangered (CR) species, 13 endangered (EN) species, 37 vulnerable (VU) species, 44 near threatened (NT) species, and 31 least concern (LC) species were identified, accounting for 1.6%, 10.2%, 29.1%, 34.7% and 24.4% of the total, respectively. Among those species, 52 species were threatened, namely CR, EN and VU species, accounting for 40.9% of the total. The evaluation results of conservation priority grades were: 35 species of Class 1 protected plants, 72 species of Class 2 protected plants, and 20 species of Class 3 protected plants, accounting for 27.6%, 56.7% and 15.8% of the total, respectively. According to the results of evaluation comparison between Red List of Biodiversity in China: Volume of Higher Plants and List of Rare and Endangered Plants in Inner Mongolia, endangered grades of 75 plant species and the protection classes of 62 plant species were calibrated. In this evaluation, the endangered grades of nine plant species and the protection classes of 32 plant species were newly added.

This dataset is a shapefile representing the proportion of threatened endemic species (both plants and animals) in 247 countries along with associated environmental and socioeconomic drivers. The geographic coordinate system is World Geodetic System 1984 (EPSG: 4326). Information on a total of 65,125 endemic species including 27,294 globally threatened endemic species (55% threatened plant species, 45% threatened animal species) was extracted from the IUCN Red List. The categories of threatened species used in the analyses included vulnerable (VU), endangered (EN), critically endangered (CR), extinct in the wild (EW) and globally extinct (EX). We calculated the proportion of globally threatened endemic species among the total number of assessed endemic species per country (Chamberlain et al., 2020). Associated environmental socioeconomic regional correlates included: 1) Cropland: The proportion of each country covered by crops (including food, fibre and fodder crops and pasture grasses) was determined based on a FAO global map with a resolution of 5 arc-minutes (von Velthuizen et al., 2007); 2) HANPP: The proportion of net primary production appropriated by humans (HANPP) by harvesting or burning biomass and by converting natural ecosystems to managed lands with lower productivity was derived for the year 2010 from Krausmann et al. (2013); 3) Delta HANPP: We also computed the increase in HANPP over the period 1962-2010 (Krausmann et al., 2013); 4) per area GDP: The per area gross domestic product (GDP, in international $) was obtained by calculating the median value over each country of all 5 arcmin cells of a recently gridded GDP dataset (Kummu et al., 2018); 5) Human Footprint (HFP): The global terrestrial human footprint (HFP) is an index integrating the influence of built environments, population density, electric infrastructure, croplands, pasture lands, roads, railways, and navigable waterways on the environment based on remotely-sensed and bottom-up survey information (Venter et al., 2016). We extracted from a 1 km resolution HFP map the median value over each country in 2009; 6) Delta HFP: We also calculated the increase in median HFP over the period 1993-2009 (Venter et al., 2016); 7) Invasive alien plants: The richness of invasive alien vascular plant species recorded in each country was compiled by Essl et al. (2019); 8) Invasive alien animals: The richness of invasive alien animal species was derived from the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species database (http://griis.org/ accessed on 27-6-2018); 9) Delta temperature: Based on decadal climate maps produced by the IPCC over the last century with a 0.5° resolution, we calculated the median of the change in annual mean temperature (in °C) between 1901-1910 and 1981-1990 (Mitchell & Jones, 2005); 10) Delta rainfall: The same for annual precipitation (in mm); 11) Velocity temperature: We also calculated the median velocity of climate change based on the formula from Hamann et al. (2015) to evaluate the distance (in °) over which a species must migrate over the surface of the earth to maintain constant temperature conditions; 12) Velocity rainfall: The same for precipitation; 13) Roadless areas: The median area of a roadless fragment (in km²) was calculated from the global map of roadless areas published by Ibisch et al. (2016); 14) Wilderness areas: The proportion of wildlands (categories ‘wild woodlands’ and ‘wild treeless and barren lands’) was calculated from the anthropogenic biome map of Ellis et al. (2010); 15) Protected areas: The proportion of protected areas was estimated from the IUCN’s shapefile of World Database on Protected Areas (https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/our-work/world-database-protected-areas); 16) Conservation spending: The mean annual conservation spending of each country (in international $) was taken from Waldron et al. (2017) to quantify investment to mitigate biodiversity loss; 17) Completeness of biodiversity information: We used data on the estimated percentage completeness of species records in GBIF, as assessed through comparison with independent estimates of native richness. Inventory effort indices available for vertebrates (Meyer et al., 2015) and vascular plants (Meyer et al., 2016) were merged into a single metric based upon an average weighted by estimated native species richness.

The family Apiaceae, distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, is the largest family of angiosperms. However, little is known about the conservation status, diversity, and distribution of Apiaceae species in Mongolia. This study had two main aims: (1) to assess the national status of Apiaceae species under IUCN Red List Criterion B; (2) to evaluate the species diversity and richness of Apiaceae across Mongolia. We utilized ConR packages to assess the national Red List status of all known Mongolian Apiaceae species by analyzing their most comprehensive occurrence records. The results indicated that 27 species were classified as threatened, including 4 Critically Endangered (CR), 9 Endangered (EN), and 14 Vulnerable (VU) species. Meanwhile, 39 species were assessed as non-threatened, with 2 Near Threatened (NT) species and 37 species of Least Concern (LC). Furthermore, detailed distribution maps for 66 Apiaceae species in Mongolia were presented. We assessed the species diversity and Shannon and Simpson diversity indices of Apiaceae by analyzing all occurrence records using the iNext package. Overall, the Hill diversity estimates indicate that the sampling conducted in Mongolia adequately captured species occurrences. For species pattern analysis, we examined the species richness, weighted endemism, and the corrected weighted endemism index using Biodiverse v.4.1 software. Mongolia was portioned into 715 grid cells based on 0.5° × 0.5° grid sizes (equivalent to approximately 50 × 50 km2). There was a total of 3062 unique occurrences of all Apiaceae species across Mongolia. In the species richness analysis, we identified 10 grids that exhibited high species richness (18–29 species) and 36 grids with 11–17 species. For genus richness, we observed seven grids that exhibited a high genus richness of 16–22 genera. Furthermore, we analyzed species richness with a specific focus on threatened species, encompassing CR, EN, and VU species throughout Mongolia. A total of 92 grids contained at least one threatened species. There were six grids that had two to five threatened species, which were adequately covered by protected areas in western Mongolia. Overall, our results on species richness and conservation status will serve as important foundational research for future conservation and land management efforts in Mongolia.

Assessing the vulnerability of Thailand's forest birds to global change

A study of alternative locality of botanic garden developments and flora explorations in deciduous monsoon forests based on forest type distribution in Nusa Tenggara has been carried out. The forest type distribution was allegedly obtained through overlay process of vegetation formation and satellite image of forest covering using software Arc-GIS versi 10.3. in Nusa Tenggara. A total of five forest types succeeded in mapping of Nusa Tenggara forests namely, evergreen rain forests (1008.77 km2), semi-evergreen rain forests (2944.98 km2), moist deciduous forests (6120.36 km2), dry deciduous forests (7955.18 km2) and thorn forests (93.07 km2). The existing forests in Nusa Tenggara reached 18122.36 km2 or 27.30%, in total. All of regencies/cities in Nusa Tenggara seemed appropriate to botanic garden developments, themed deciduous monsoon forests, based on habitat compatibility. At least each botanic garden developments covering an area of 10 ha consist of 500 species of potential trees collection. There are 58 coordinate point sites in which scattered in13 sub types of deciduous monsoon forests as a guide for exploration sites are recommended. It is about 487 species (trees, shrubs and woody plants) are potentially collected. Several large families are found such as Leguminosae (49 species), Malvaceae (28 species), Meliaceae (26 species), Moraceae (25 species), Rubiaceae and Rutaceae (23 species on each). A total of 59 species are listed in the IUCN red list, particularly four endangered species and 12 vulnerable species as put priority when conducting plant explorations.

Identification of Bryophytes (Mosses) plant species have been done. This research was based on morphological characters of mosses at tour location Takapala Waterfal in Malino. The result shows that there are twelve species of Bryophytes, from two classis (Hepaticae and Musci). Hepaticae classis consist of three species, and Musci classis consist of nine species. Keywords : identification, bryophytes

The fragmentation of habitats associated with urbanisation poses a significant threat to already vulnerable and endangered mammal species. While the county of Dorset has been identified as one of the UK’s biodiversity hotspots, it is characterised by large-scale urbanisation and intensive agriculture. Focusing on the largest urban area of Dorset—the conurbation of Bournemouth, Christchurch, and Poole—this study aims to investigate the importance of urban areas in supporting vulnerable and endangered mammals by comparing it to four other major land cover categories in the county: arable & horticulture, grassland, woodland, and heathland. The study utilises data collected by the county’s environmental records department through mainly volunteer-contributed ad-hoc sighting data of 10 872 georeferenced mammal records collected between 2000 and 2018. Our findings reveal that, despite having significantly different mammal communities to all other land covers, urban land cover was shown to host four out of five of the vulnerable and endangered species recorded in this study. These included the European rabbit (vulnerable on the IUCN red list), hazel dormouse (vulnerable on the UK red list), West European hedgehog (vulnerable on the UK red list) and European water vole (endangered on the UK red list). Our findings highlight the significance of urban areas as important habitats for mammal biodiversity, presenting an opportunity for the conservation of specific vulnerable and endangered species. Despite limitations in ad-hoc sighting data, our analysis indicates an overrepresentation of certain 'charismatic' species, like foxes and hedgehogs, in urban samples, likely due to their high intrinsic value to the population. While the recognition of urban habitats for 'red list' species is growing, it is also important to acknowledge the relative importance of charismatic species to urban human communities in conservation and management strategies.

Reproductive physiology has many applications for a successful management of fish population in aquaculture. In particular the stock management of endangered species might take advantage of the knowledge concerning the reproductive cycle in order to improve the protocols and restore the population for restock activities.
\nThe Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarrii) and the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) are two endemic species of the North Adriatic Sea and are both listed in the the IUCN Red List of threatened species as “critically endangered”. Both the species nowadays rely on the experimental activities and new technologies that try to implement the farming conditions for an improvement of the population management for restocking purposes.
\nIn the present study the onset of puberty was investigated through plasma Testosterone analysis in A. naccarii. With reference to A. Anguilla the effect of photoperiod was assessed on the endocrine profiles during hormonal induction. Furthermore a new tank design has lead to spontaneous spawning that was then compared to the manual stripping protocol.

Endangered species threaten status assessment is an important basis for determining protec- tion priorities and establishing conservation strategies, and it has become a key step in biodiversity con- servation. We used IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria to assess threaten status of the Wild Plants Under State Protection in China. The results indicated that 2 of these species were assessed as Extinct (EX), 3 species as Extinct in Wild (EW), 310 species as Critically Endangered (CR), 638 species as Endangered (EN), 911 species as Vulnerable (VU), 117 species as Near Threatened (NT), 162 species as Least Concern (LC), and 34 species as Data Deficient (DD). Our assessment highlighted discrepan- cies between IUCN categories and the corresponding protection categories used in the List of Wild Plants Under State Protection, thus indicating that threaten status might not be the sole criterion as- sessed when determining and assigning protection categories. Our study provides a scientific reference for the establishment of a threaten status hierarchy and the protection of endangered plants.

espanolLos briofitos acuaticos son un componente conspicuo de la vegetacion de rios de alta montana tropical. Sin embargo, solo seis estudios abordan la taxonomia y ecologia de estas plantas en Colombia. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer la riqueza de especies de briofitos que se establecen en el rio Teatinos y aportar informacion sobre la forma de crecimiento, tipo de sustrato colonizado, abundancia, caracteristicas del habitat y altitud para cada una de las especies. Se ubicaron 12 puntos de muestreo cada 100 m altitudinales, donde se colectaron las especies de briofitos que crecen sobre suelo y roca. Se presenta el catalogo comentado de briofitos acuaticos del rio Teatinos donde se registran 70 especies, organizadas alfabeticamente por familias, generos y especies en cada grupo (musgos, hepaticas y antoceros). EnglishAquatic bryophytes are a conspicuous component of the vegetation of high tropical mountain rivers. However, only six studies address the taxonomy and ecology of these plants in Colombia. This work aims to know the richness of bryophytes species that grow in the Teatinos River and provide information about their growth forms, substrate, abundance, habitat, and altitude for each of the species. Twelve sampling points were located every 100 m altitude, where bryophyte species that grow on soil and rock were collected. A commented checklist of aquatic bryophytes in the Teatinos River is presented trough a record of 70 species, organized by alphabetical order of families, genera, and species in each group (mosses, liverworts and hornworts).

The purpose of this study is to assess the ecological attributes, geographic distribution, conservation status and endemism of cactus species in the Sao Francisco River Watershed (SFRW). In order to gather information on the cactus species found in the SFRW, three sources of information were used: collections from Brazilian herbaria, bibliographic references and online collections. The ecological attributes were related to (1) habitat specificity, (2) species habit, (3) pollination syndrome, and (4) groups of primary and secondary dispersers. Moreover, data from the three information sources cited above were used to assess geographic distribution of the cacti found in the SFRW. Species were divided into three categories according to the number of populations sampled: (1) widespread species: over 30 populations, (2) species with intermediate distribution: 11 to 30 populations, (3) locally distributed species: up to 10 populations. Conservation status of the cacti found in the SFRW was determined according to the classification of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List. There were 108 cacti taxa scattered throughout the SFRW and 32.4% of the taxa are endemic. Species may be present in more than one ecosystem; most were found in areas of Caatinga (59.5%). The most common microhabitat was soil (62.5%). The globose habit (21.2%), columnar habit (29.8%) and shrubby habit (36.5%) are more frequent. The main pollination syndrome is chiropterophily (34.5%). All Cactaceae found in the SFRW produce fruits that are dispersed by animals and vertebrates are the main agents of zoochoric dispersal. The conservation status of these cacti is cause for worry, because many species are classified as vulnerable or critically endangered.

We provide a catalogue of the Solanaceae family of La Libertad region, Peru. The study was based on new collections made by the authors in recent years, on the reviews of a significant number of herbarium specimens and specialized bibliography. A total of 22 genera, 173 species and 8 varieties were registered; including 20 cultivated species and 78 endemic taxa. Browallia, Iochroma, Jaltomata and Solanum present the highest number of species of the total family (119 sps.; 68,79%) and the highest number of endemisms (64 sps.; 82,05%). Endemic taxa according to their degree of threat are categorized: Critically Endangered (CR) (30), Endangered (EN) (8), Vulnerable (VU) (16), Near Threatened (NT) (9), Least Concern (LC) (3), Data Deficient (DD) (7), Not Evaluated (NE) (5). Browallia, Iochroma and Jaltomata are the genera whose species present the highest degree of threat (CR). 13 endemic species are found in protection areas [Calipuy National Reserve and Lomas Cerro Campana Private Conservation Area (PCA)]. The material examined for each species includes the geographical distribution according to the provinces and altitudes, the common name if it existed, the type specimen only of the material described for the La Libertad region, marked by the name and number of the main collector, followed by the acronym for the herbarium where it is deposited; as well as the current state of conservation of the taxon only in the case of endemic taxa. The threats and destruction of the species’ habitats are due to anthropic action. The information presented will serve to continue research in taxonomic, ecological, environmental, molecular aspects, obtaining bioactive compounds and innovation.

51 species were identified from 2 departments (Marchantiophyta and Bryophyta), 4 classes (Haplomitriopsida, Jungermannopsida, Polytrichopsida, Bryopsida), 11 orders, 28 families and 39 genera during the long-term (from 2010 to 2012 and from 2015 to 2017) studies of bryophytes from the main types of plant communities in the Krasnosamarsky forest (Samara Region). Leading families (Pylaisiaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Amblystegiaceae, Dicranaceae, Orthotrichaceae, Bryaceae, Mniaceae) account for 56,9% of the total studied bryoflora in the forest. 46 species (90,2%) were found in forest communities, 36 species (70,6%) in deciduous forests and 25 (49%) - in coniferous (pine and spruce), 9,8% bryoflora noted at the meadow and steppe sites. 32 species (62,7%) of bryophytes grow on the soil, 24 species (47,1%) - on the bark of trees, 18 species (35,3%) - on decaying wood and 3 species (5,9%) - on anthropogenic substrate. Ecomorphic analysis showed that mesophytes (37,3%) and mesotrophs (35,3%) prevail in the Krasnosamarsky forest. Geographic analysis showed that 41,4% of bryophytes refer to boreal flora.

The empirical assessment of species for assigning threat status guides priority setting in conservation efforts. This chapter has documented 71 threatened and near-threatened faunal species from the Jammu and Kashmir State. These include 33 species of birds, 26 species of mammals, 5 species each of reptiles and fishes and 2 species of amphibians. Among the birds, 3 species are critically endangered (CR), 4 endangered (EN), 11 vulnerable (VU) and 15 near threatened (NT), while among the mammals, one species is CR, 5 are EN, 8 VU and 12 NT. The threatened herpetofauna includes five reptilian (EN = 2; VU = 2; NT, 1) and two amphibian (EN = 1; VU = 1) species. Three fish species are assessed as threatened (CR = 1; EN = 1; VU = 1) and 2 as NT. Overall, the number of CR, EN and VU species is 5, 13 and 23, respectively, whereas the number of NT species is 30. The inclusion of majority of these species in CITES appendices and various schedules of the Wildlife Protection Act of India, 1972 (amended in 2006), points towards their threat status in this Himalayan State. The major threats to fauna of the State include loss, degradation and fragmentation of habitat, poaching, livestock grazing, over-exploitation and human–wildlife conflict. This chapter also highlights the knowledge gaps about threat status of faunal diversity in the State and the appropriate steps required to be initiated in the immediate future.