Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the more general global increase in viral diseases, has led researchers to look to the plant kingdom as a potential source for antiviral compounds. Since ancient times, herbal medicines have been extensively applied in the treatment and prevention of various infectious diseases in different traditional systems. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential antiviral activity of plant compounds as effective and reliable agents against viral infections, especially by viruses from the coronavirus group. Various antiviral mechanisms shown by crude plant extracts and plant-derived bioactive compounds are discussed. The understanding of the action mechanisms of complex plant extract and isolated plant-derived compounds will help pave the way towards the combat of this life-threatening disease. Further, molecular docking studies, in silico analyses of extracted compounds, and future prospects are included. The in vitro production of antiviral chemical compounds from plants using molecular pharming is also considered. Notably, hairy root cultures represent a promising and sustainable way to obtain a range of biologically active compounds that may be applied in the development of novel antiviral agents.
Highlights
Bronchitis is a respiratory disease caused by bacterial infections, viral infections, or irritant particles [1]
The inhibitory effect of medicinal plants on the replication of viruses was studied on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, emerging viral infections linked with poxvirus, hepatitis B virus
It has been demonstrated that molecular mechanisms linked to the antiviral effects of medicinal plant extracts vary among various types of viruses
Summary
Bronchitis is a respiratory disease caused by bacterial infections, viral infections, or irritant particles [1]. Covid-19 is a life-threatening illness with a tremendous rate of spreading in humans due to its high level of infectiousness [5] The treatment of this disease is a great challenge due to several reasons, including the rapid emergence of mutant strains, the consequent high rate of virus adaptation, and the development of resistance to antiviral medicines. Treatment has been recommended for COVID-19, and investigations have focused on vaccine development [25] This human pathogen is a positive-strand RNA virus (positivesense (5 -to-3 ) viral RNA) enveloped by spike glycoproteins (S). These proteins bind to their receptor on the surface of the host cells. Blue denotes the extensive host-based therapy choices, and pink denotes specific viral-based treatment possibilities [30]
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