Abstract
Polyurethanes are most often called “green” when they contain natural, renewable additives in their network or chemical structure, such as mono- and polysaccharides, oils (mainly vegetable oils), polyphenols (e.g., lignins, tannins), or various compounds derived from agro-waste white biotechnology (Principle 7). This usually results in these polyurethanes obtained from less hazardous substrates (Principle 4). Appropriate modification of polyurethanes makes them susceptible to degradation, and the use of appropriate processes allows for their recycling (Principle 10). However, this fulfilment of other principles also predisposes them to be green. As in the production of other polymer materials, the synthesis of polyurethanes is carried out with the use of catalysts (such as biocatalysts) (Principle 9) with full control of the course of the reaction (Principle 11), which allows maximization of the atomic economy (Principle 2) and an increase in energy efficiency (Principle 6) while minimizing the risk of production waste (Principle 1). Moreover, traditional substrates in the synthesis of polyurethanes can be replaced with less toxic ones (e.g., in non-isocyanate polyurethanes), which, at the same time, leads to a non-toxic product (Principle 3, Principle 5). In general, there is no need for blocking compounds to provide intermediates in the synthesis of polyurethanes (Principle 8). Reasonable storage of substrates, their transport, and the synthesis of polyurethanes guarantee the safety and the prevention of uncontrolled reactions (Principle 12). This publication is a summary of the achievements of scientists and technologists who are constantly working to create ideal polyurethanes that do not pollute the environment, and their synthesis and use are consistent with the principles of sustainable economy.
Highlights
Introduction to the PolyurethanesAccording to the Principles of Green AbstractPolyurethanes are most often called “green” when they contain natural, renewable additives in their network or chemical structure, such as mono- and polysaccharides, oils, polyphenols, or various compounds derived from agro-waste white biotechnology (Principle 7)
Polyurethane foams are obtained in a polycondensation reaction, where the foaming agent is often water that reacts with isocyanate groups to form CO2 (Figure 2)
The excellent properties of polyurethanes have been appreciated by the world of sports. They are used in the construction of running surfaces that sensationally cushion the joints of runners/jumpers, in the building of mats for athletes, and in combat sports, as well as for the construction of ships and their protection against water and petrochemical compounds
Summary
The history of using polyurethanes is almost as long as that of synthetic polymers, in general. Are obtained as a result of the reaction of the addition of isocyanate and hydroxyl groups (Figure 1), during which no by-products are formed (as long as the synthesis is carried out). Polyurethane foams are obtained in a polycondensation reaction, where the foaming agent is often water (or some low-boiling, inert solvent) that reacts with isocyanate groups to form CO2 (Figure 2). The excellent properties of polyurethanes have been appreciated by the world of sports They are used in the construction of running surfaces that sensationally cushion the joints of runners/jumpers, in the building of mats for athletes, and in combat sports, as well as for the construction of ships and their protection against water and petrochemical compounds. They indicated the synthesis of non-isocyanate-free, biodegradable, and lipase-synthesized polyurethanes
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