Abstract
AbstractA method is introduced to reconstruct microbarom soundscapes in absolute values. The soundscapes are compared to remote infrasound recordings from infrasound array I23FR (Kerguelen Island) and in situ recordings by the INFRA‐EAR, a biologger deployed near the Crozet Islands. The reconstruction method accounts for all‐acoustic contributions, divided into evanescent microbaroms (detectable directly above the source) and propagating microbaroms (detectable over long ranges). It is computed by integrating acoustic intensities over the ocean surface, convolved with the transfer function quantifying the propagation losses and propagation time. The reconstructed soundscapes are found within 2.7 dB for of the measurements in the microbarom band of 0.1–0.3 Hz. Infrasonic soundscapes are essential for understanding the ambient infrasonic noise field and are a basic need for applications, such as atmospheric remote sensing, natural hazard monitoring, and verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty.
Highlights
The Southern hemisphere is characterized by its sparsity of in situ atmospheric observations due to large ocean volumes and limited landmass
The soundscapes are compared to remote infrasound recordings from infrasound array I23FR (Kerguelen Island) and in situ recordings by the INFRA-EAR, a biologger deployed near the Crozet Islands
Based on the mean absolute error (MAE) and bias between the model and observations, the relative frequency for which the bias is below the MAE, is 2.7 dB for 85% of the INFRA-EAR recording (Supporting Information S2; NOAA Meteorological Development Laboratory, 2021)
Summary
The Southern hemisphere is characterized by its sparsity of in situ atmospheric observations due to large ocean volumes and limited landmass. This study discusses the measurement of atmospheric pressure perturbations and their variations Those observations have shown to be valuable for studying both infrasound and gravity waves (Blanc et al, 2018; Hupe, 2019; Marlton et al, 2019). Atmospheric in situ and remote measurements of microbaroms within the Southern Ocean are obtained by, respectively, the “Infrasound, and Environmental Atmospheric data Recorder” (INFRA-EAR; den Ouden et al, 2021) and IMS array I23FR (Kerguelen Island). High-resolution array processing techniques to resolve spatially distributed infrasound sources, for example, CLEAN beamforming (den Ouden et al, 2020), cannot be applied to the INFRA-EAR observations. This is because the individual INFRA-EAR's exist beyond the required aperture for beamforming (Evers, 2008). The comparison between the reconstructed microbarom soundscapes and the observations is described in Section 4, which is summarized and discussed in the final section
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