Abstract
The present study aimed to produce a biosurfactant from Candida yeast cultivated in a low-cost medium made of sugar-cane molasses (5%), frying oil waste (5%), and corn steep liquor (5%). Initially, the production at the flask-scale was investigated and then scaled up in bioreactors to 1.2, 3.0, and 50 L to simulate a real production scale. The products obtained an excellent reduction in surface tensions from 70 to 29 mN·m−1 in the flask-scale, comparable to 33 mN·m−1 in the 1.2-L reactor, to 31 mN·m−1 in the 3-L reactor, and to 30 mN·m−1 in the 50-L reactor. Regarding the yield, it was observed that the isolation by liquid-to-liquid extraction aided biosurfactant production up to 221.9 g·L−1 with a critical micellar concentration of 0.5%. The isolated biosurfactant did not exhibit an inhibitory effect on the germination of vegetable seeds and presented no significant acute toxicity in assays with Artemia salina and Allium cepa. Among the different formulations of mayonnaise-like sauces, the most stable formula was observed with the addition of the biosurfactant at a concentration of 0.5% and the greatest results were associated with the guar and carboxymethyl cellulose gums. Thus, the biosurfactant from C. bombicola represents a promising alternative as a food additive in emulsions.
Highlights
Biosurfactants are well-known for their applicability in the environmental field, primarily in the processes of bioremediation, the removal of toxic metals from the soil, oil and gas processing, and enhanced oil recovery [1,2,3,4,5]
The carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is the minimum concentration of a biosurfactant necessary for the maximum reduction in the surface tension of water and the onset of the formation of micelles
The biosurfactant produced by C. bombicola had a CMC of 0.5%, which falls within the range that is considered promising for the production of a biosurfactant
Summary
Biosurfactants are well-known for their applicability in the environmental field, primarily in the processes of bioremediation, the removal of toxic metals from the soil, oil and gas processing, and enhanced oil recovery [1,2,3,4,5] Due to their amphiphilic structures, the biosurfactants are able to increase the surface area of water-insoluble species, enhancing their bioavailability and altering the properties of bacterial cell surfaces, making them excellent emulsifiers, as well as foaming and dispersing agents. Byproducts from industrial waste can add value to the production of biosurfactants by composing the substrate, in addition to reducing their pollutant effects when released into the environment [7] Their physical and chemical properties make biosurfactants attractive in industrial and biotechnological applications, such as in food additives, cosmetics, detergents, agriculture, and medicine [8,9,10].
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