Abstract
The human flea, Pulex irritans L., has been recovered from archaeological sediments in Viking York (England), Dublin (Ireland) and abandoned farm sites in Norse Greenland. In contrast with the other human ectoparasites, however, the origins of the flea appear to be Central to South American, where several congeners are known. The probable routes by which the species reached Western Europe are discussed and resolved in favour of a Beringian and Asiatic one, at any time during the Postglacial. Although this flea is presently relatively promiscuous,
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