A biocompatible and functional surfactant based on vitamin E-oligo(methyl diglycol L-glutamate) for facile preparation of multifunctional PLGA nanoparticles

Abstract

Intratumoral environment as a hypoxic, non-inflamed “cold” state is difficult for many agents to accumulate and activate the immune system. Intrinsically, facultative anaerobic Salmonella VNP20009 target the tumor hypoxic areas, invade into tumor cells and exhibit an immune effect. Here we engineer the bacteria by decorating their surface with newly synthesized heptamethine cyanine dyes NHS–N782 and JQ-1 derivatives to obtain the biohybrid agent N–V-J, leading to the deep tumor targeted photothermal therapy and magnified immunotherapy. Due to the mitochondrial targeting capacity of NHS–N782, N–V-J becomes susceptive to the temperature rise when reaching tumors. This synergistic strategy promotes the systemic immunity by creating an inflamed “hot” tumor state from three different dimensions, which include the inherent immunogenicity of bacteria, the near-infrared laser triggered tumor antigens and the downregulation of PD-L1 expression. All these approaches result in effective and long-lasting T cell immune responses to prevent local and distant tumors for extended time. Leveraging the attenuated bacteria to transport dual drugs to the tumor tissues for self-synthetic vaccines provides a novel paradigm to enhance the bacteria-mediated cancer immunotherapy.