Abstract
ABSTRACT Particulate matter (PM) pollution (including PM2.5 and PM10), which is reportedly caused primarily by industrial and vehicular emissions, has become a major global health concern. In this study, we aimed to reveal spatiotemporal characteristics and diurnal patterns of PM2.5 and PM10 data obtained from 50 air quality sensors situated in public bike sites in Kaohsiung City on June and November 2018 using principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that PM concentrations in the study were above the standard World Health Organization criteria and were found to be associated, although complicated, with relative humidity. Specifically, the relationship between PM concentrations and relative humidity suggest a clear association at lower PM concentrations. Temporal analysis revealed that PM2.5 and PM10 occurred at higher concentrations in winter than in summer, which could be explained by the long-range transport of pollutants brought about by the northeast monsoon during the winter season. Both PM fractions displayed similar spatial distribution, wherein PM2.5 and PM10 were found to be concentrated in the heavily industrialized areas of the city, such as near petrochemical factories in Nanzih and Zuoying districts in north Kaohsiung and near the shipbuilding and steel manufacturing factories in Xiaogang district in south Kaohsiung. A pronounced diurnal variation was found for PM2.5, which generally displayed higher peaks during the daytime than in the nighttime. Peaks generally occurred at 7:00–9:00 a.m., noontime, and 5:00–7:00 p.m., while minima generally appeared at nighttime. The diurnal pattern of PM was greatly influenced by a greater number of industrial and human transportation activities during the day than at night. Overall, a number of factors such as relative humidity and type of season, transboundary pollution from neighboring countries, and human activities, such as industrial operations and vehicle use, affects the PM quality in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
Highlights
Air pollution has gained a global interest in various parts of the world, in developing countries where there is a high demand for industrial development, urbanization, energy consumption, and agricultural burning (Fotourehchi, 2016)
We aimed to reveal spatiotemporal characteristics and diurnal patterns of PM2.5 and PM10 data obtained from 50 air quality sensors situated in public bike sites in Kaohsiung City on June and November 2018 using principal component analysis (PCA)
This study revealed that the high values of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrated at relative humidity of 75–85% in summer and concentrated at relative humidity of 85–95% in winter
Summary
Air pollution has gained a global interest in various parts of the world, in developing countries where there is a high demand for industrial development, urbanization, energy consumption, and agricultural burning (Fotourehchi, 2016). Vehicular emissions and human activities such as biomass burning, industrial processing, agricultural operations, and construction activities, to name a few, all contribute to the anthropogenic sources of PM (Wang et al, 2013; Widiana et al, 2017; Guan et al, 2019; Hao et al, 2019; Shahid et al, 2019). The PM2.5 and PM10 values from the aforementioned studies have both exceeded the Air Quality Guideline from the World Health Organization, which stipulates that PM2.5 and PM10 levels should not exceed 10 μg m–3 annual mean (25 μg m–3 24-hour mean) and 20 μg m–3 annual mean (50 μg m–3 24-hour mean), respectively (WHO, 2005). The alarming global levels of PM have pushed local authorities to implement appropriate measures for the reduction of PM emissions to decrease risk to humans
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