Abstract
The energy management system is executed in microgrids for optimal integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into the power distribution grids. To this end, various strategies have been more focused on cost reduction, whereas effectively both economic and technical indices/factors have to be considered simultaneously. Therefore, in this paper, a two-layer optimization model is proposed to minimize the operation costs, voltage fluctuations, and power losses of smart microgrids. In the outer-layer, the size and capacity of DERs including renewable energy sources (RES), electric vehicles (EV) charging stations and energy storage systems (ESS), are obtained simultaneously. The inner-layer corresponds to the scheduled operation of EVs and ESSs using an integrated coordination model (ICM). The ICM is a fuzzy interface that has been adopted to address the multi-objectivity of the cost function developed based on hourly demand response, state of charges of EVs and ESS, and electricity price. Demand response is implemented in the ICM to investigate the effect of time-of-use electricity prices on optimal energy management. To solve the optimization problem and load-flow equations, hybrid genetic algorithm (GA)-particle swarm optimization (PSO) and backward-forward sweep algorithms are deployed, respectively. One-day simulation results confirm that the proposed model can reduce the power loss, voltage fluctuations and electricity supply cost by 51%, 40.77%, and 55.21%, respectively, which can considerably improve power system stability and energy efficiency.
Highlights
With the increasing trend in global energy demand, concerns have been raised over the decline in fossil fuel resources and environmental pollution
The maximum deviation from the desired value of 1 per-unit for each bus has occurred in the base case scenario, in the absence of distributed energy resources (DERs)
This is because the capacity of energy storage systems (ESS) is limited and these devices are considered as spinning reserve, not voltage regulators
Summary
With the increasing trend in global energy demand, concerns have been raised over the decline in fossil fuel resources and environmental pollution. Planners and stakeholders seek to maximize energy production by integrating renewable energy sources (RESs) and electrification of the transportation sector. Due to the insufficiency of the conventional distribution grids in supporting high penetration of RESs and electric vehicles (EVs), the upgrading process toward. Energies 2020, 13, 1706 microgrids is evolving quickly [1]. Deployment of RESs and EVs creates some challenges, e.g., poor reliability and power quality problems. One of the most effective ways to mitigate these challenges is the deployment of energy storage systems (ESSs) in distribution grids. ESSs can alleviate the negative effects of uncertainties in RESs production [3]. One of the most challenging issues is the optimal coordination of both supply and demand sides in microgrids with the main grid, while satisfying system constraints
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
