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Abstract
Response inhibition is frequently investigated using the stop-signal paradigm, where participants perform a two-choice response time task that is occasionally interrupted by a stop signal instructing them to withhold their response. Stop-signal performance is formalized as a race between a go and a stop process. If the go process wins, the response is executed; if the stop process wins, the response is inhibited. Successful inhibition requires fast stop responses and a high probability of triggering the stop process. Existing methods allow for the estimation of the latency of the stop response, but are unable to identify deficiencies in triggering the stop process. We introduce a Bayesian model that addresses this limitation and enables researchers to simultaneously estimate the probability of trigger failures and the entire distribution of stopping latencies. We demonstrate that trigger failures are clearly present in two previous studies, and that ignoring them distorts estimates of stopping latencies. The parameter estimation routine is implemented in the BEESTS software (Matzke et al., Front. Quantitative Psych. Measurement, 4, 918; 2013a) and is available at http://dora.erbe-matzke.com/software.html.
Highlights
Response inhibition refers to the ability to stop an ongoing response that is no longer appropriate, such as rapidly stopping when a traffic light turns red
Despite its theoretical and methodological importance, the problem of quantifying the contribution of trigger failures to stop-signal performance is presently unsolved. We address this limitation and describe a Bayesian method that allows researchers to reliably estimate the probability of trigger failures as well as the entire distribution of SSRTs
We investigated the bias in SSRT estimates caused by the presence of trigger failures in the standard BEESTS model and in the traditional integration and mean SSRT-estimation methods
Summary
Response inhibition refers to the ability to stop an ongoing response that is no longer appropriate, such as rapidly stopping when a traffic light turns red. Inhibition is the hallmark of executive functions and has received—and continues to receive—considerable attention in psychology. Response inhibition is frequently investigated with the stop-signal paradigm (Logan & Cowan, 1984). In the stop-signal paradigm, participants perform a twochoice response time (RT) task. This primary task is occasionally interrupted by a stop signal that instructs participants to withhold their choice response. Response inhibition can be conceptualized as a race between two independent processes: a go process that is initialized by the primary (choice-task) stimulus and a stop process that is triggered by the stop signal. If the go process wins, a response is executed; if the stop process wins, the response is inhibited (Logan & Cowan, 1984). Successful response inhibition, requires relatively fast stop
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