A battery electric bus energy consumption model for strategic purposes: Validation of a proposed model structure with data from bus fleets in China and Norway

Odd André Hjelkrem,Karl Yngve Lervåg,Sahar Babri,Chaoru Lu,Carl-Johan Södersten

doi:10.1016/j.trd.2021.102804

Odd André Hjelkrem, Karl Yngve Lervåg + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102804

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Abstract

In this paper, an energy model for battery electric buses (Ebus) is proposed. The model is developed based on established models for longitudinal dynamics, using event-based low-frequency data. Since the energy model is able to provide relatively accurate estimation of Ebus energy consumption with limited input requirements, it can be easily applied for future bus route planning. In addition, we have introduced a comprehensive model of the auxiliary systems, which contributes significantly to the total energy consumption ofa bus. The model for auxiliary systems includes heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and other electrical components. To evaluate the model, data was collected from 3266 trips with Ebuses operated in China and Norway. The results show that the model is able to predict the energy consumption on a trip level comparison.

Highlights

The transport sector is currently in an energy transition phase with clear incentives for switching to renewable energy carriers to reach climate goals related to CO2-emissions (Du et al, 2019)
A substantial share of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) stem from the transport sector, and phasing out conventional fuel vehicles for electric vehicles can contribute to reducing GHGs if the electricity is generated by renewable sources
One major obstacle is the limitation in energy densities of batteries, as heavier electric vehicles such as Ebuses typically require large batteries to enable them to operate along tight schedules

Summary

Introduction

The transport sector is currently in an energy transition phase with clear incentives for switching to renewable energy carriers to reach climate goals related to CO2-emissions (Du et al, 2019). With combating climate change as one of the UN Sustainable Devel opment Goals, the European Union has quantified their contributions to include at least a 40% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), a 32.5% increase in energy efficiency and at least a 32% share of renewable energy sources by 2030 (European Commission, 2018). A substantial share of global GHGs stem from the transport sector, and phasing out conventional fuel vehicles for electric vehicles can contribute to reducing GHGs if the electricity is generated by renewable sources. Electric power may not be suitable for every bus route before battery technologies have been further advanced

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