A Amazônia Azul: recursos e preservação

Невоенные угрозы безопасности в Арктике

The fishery for tuna and tuna-like species in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is taking national prominence in the recent years. The opening of contracts and leasing provides greater autonomy for Brazilian fishing companies. Furthermore, limitations of EEZ significantly improved the economy of the entire production chain. In this sense, the national company Atlântico Tuna signed a contract of leasing for a fleet of 11 Japanese vessels in the year 2011 whose main characteristics are described in the present paper. The leased vessels achieve excellent performance, highlighting an advanced fishing technology for the fishery of tuna and tuna-like species . Finally, the leasing of vessels for industrial fishing of those resources in Brazil will increase supply of high quality fish standards. As result it will provide higher employment and income generation throughout the production chain of the fishing industry. Besides, this occupation may contribute to a rational and sustainable development of the Exclusive Economic Zone of Brazil, but also using of catch quotas before the ICCAT and the transference of technology.

There are two species of the genus Chaceon (Geryonidae) inhabiting the southeastern and southern coastal waters of Brazil, Chaceon ramosae Manning, Tavares and Albuquerque, 1989, and Chaceon notialis Manning and Holthuis, 1989, commonly called royal crab and red crab, respectively, otherwise generally known as deep sea crabs. Both species have suffered enormous pressure as a result of deep sea fishing activity in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (ATHIE; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, 2004). Crabs of the genus Chaceon are epibenthonic and inhabit muddy and muddy-sandy bottoms between 100 and 2800 m isobaths (MANNING; HOLTHUIS, 1989). There is evidence that the species C. notialis occurring in Rio Grande coast belongs to the Uruguayan and Argentinean stocks, and thus represents an important resource common to those three countries (ATHIE; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, 2004). Studies on the biology of geryonid crabs inhabiting the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are still few. The aim of the present study is to provide preliminary data on the composition of the diet of Chaceon notialis living in the coastal waters off Rio Grande.

The Exclusive Economic lone (EEZ) was established by Presidential proclamation in 1983, resulting in an expansion of the national domain by extending the limit of Federal jurisdiction to 200 nautical miles offshore. The area of the EEZ, about 3 billion acres, is approximately 130% larger than the onshore U.S. lands. The United States Geological Survey's marine program in the EEZ provides for the orderly exploration necessary to develop an integrated comprehensive scientific understanding of this new frontier. The USGS EEZ program serves this national need by developing or extending our understanding of where mineral or petroleum resources occur, in what geologic framework such resources may exist, the geologic environmental conditions that may affect their future use, and how their formation in oceanic areas can help in the search for analogous onshore deposits of economic significance. INTRODUCTION An act of Congress in 1879 established the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as a scientific research organization (as contrasted to a developmental or regulatory agency) and charged it to conduct an "examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain." It wasn't until 1962, however~ that these examinations were extended into the U.S. marine realm when Congress first appropriated funds for USGS offshore geologic investigations. The initial studies supported by these funds were conducted by a handful of non-marine geologists who focussed on the extension of placer deposits into shallow water marine environments. During the late 1960's and 1970's, offshore geologic surveys conducted by the USGS expanded as the result of national and international events such as increased domestic offshore oil and gas exploration and the OPEC oil embargo. This resulted in a program which provides a broad spectrum of geologic, geophysical, and geochemical information on the framework, resources, and hazards of the continental margins of the United States. The United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was established by Presidential proclamation in March, 1983. As a result, the limit of the national domain was extended to a distance of 200 nautical miles offshore which more than tripled the offshore area under national jurisdiction. The area of the EEZ is about 3 billion acres - 30 percent larger than the size of the "land" U.S. area. To explore, characterize, understand, manage, protect, and exploit this vast, new frontier presents an exciting challenge to all elements of the U.S. marine community including academia, industry and government. In the President's State of the Union address of January 25, 1984, he said that "The Department of the Interior will encourage careful, selective exploration and production of our vital resources in an exclusive economic zone within a 200-mile limit off our coasts " Under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior and the Assistant Secretary Water and Science, the U.S. Geological Survey assumed responsibility for coordinating and developing an EEZ program of national scope. The purpose of this paper is to describe the USGS program in the "examination" of the EEZ.

The Minerals Management Service has developed a 2- to 3-week training course designed to acquaint government personnel of other countries with the issues they need to consider as they proceed to develop their nations Exclusive Economic Zones. The course is also applicable to the newly emerging democracies just learning how to develop and manage their mineral resources in a market-oriented economy. The objectives are to help upgrade safety of operations, ensure a reasonable concern for environmental effects, and, in general, help to produce a more level "playing field" for operators working throughout the world. The course is taught on a cost reimbursable basis, with funding provided either by the host government, the Agency for International Development, or an agency of the United Nations. The course presents the information in such a way as to explain each issue and then discuss the way(s) it is being addressed throughout the world. The information is packagedin six teaching modules, which are described in this paper:Conveying Exploration and Development RightsAssessing Environmental InformationEvaluating Mineral ResourcesManaging OperationsManaging RevenuesManaging Information portions of the course, that were applicable to onshore mineral development, were used from September 1992 to March 1993 to assist the Government of Hungary develop its new Hungarian Mining Office. The second half of this paper describes that experience. THE MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE ROLE The Minerals Management Service (MMS) of the U.S. Department of the Interior administers mineral resource development in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The total area of the U.S. EEZ managed by the MMS is approximately 1.4 billion acres (570 millionhectares). The MMS is also responsible for collecting, verifying, and disbursing bonuses, rents, and royalties for the offshore leases as well as all leases on onshore Federal lands. In fulfilling its responsibilities, the MMS activities that correlate training program modules. Specifically the MMS:Administers and conveys mineral rights to private companies based onresource estimates and a balancing of economic assessments and economic analyses;Assesses the potential effects of mineral resource exploration, development, and production on marine, coastal, and human environments;Develops and maintains estimates of mineral reserves and undiscovered resources;Regulates and inspects exploration, development, and production activities to ensure they are conducted safely and with environmentally appropriate methods;Manages funds received in the form of bonuses, rents, and royalties for all offshore leases as well as leases on onshore Federal and Indian lands; andManages large amounts of information and data to provide support for decisions on mineral resource development The MMS is engaged in three categories of-international activitiesParticipation in Department of State activities that require the technical expertise of the MMS in order to fulfill U.S. obligations under international law or treaty or in areas which have potential to affect the domestic programs MMS manages;Exchange of cooperative research and technological developments with other offshore producing nations when supportive of domestic activities; and

The Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone, or the "Blue Amazon", with its extensive maritime area, is the primary means of transport for the country's foreign trade and is important due to its oil reserves, gas and other mineral resources, in addition to the significant influence on the Brazilian climate. We have manually built a question answering (QA) dataset based on crawled articles and have applied an off-the-shelf QA system based on a fine-tuned BERTimbau Model, achieving an F1-score of 47.0. More importantly, we explored how the proper visualization of attention weights can support helpful interpretations of the system's answers, which is critical in real environments.

The article is devoted to the investigation of measures of administrative coercion (administrative warning, administrative discontinuance and administrative penalty), which are carried out in inland waters, territorial sea and exclusive (maritime) economic zone of Ukraine. The classification of these measures, as well as subjects, which are entrusted with the implementation of the respective proxies for their application, has been carried out. There are two approaches to the understanding of administrative jurisdiction: broad and narrow. The author’s definition of administrative jurisdiction in coastal waters is provided as a by-law administrative activity of the executive authorities on the implementation of the state administrative influence on social relations in inland waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and, if it is established, in contiguous zone. It is emphasized that the Law “About the exclusive (maritime) economic zone of Ukraine” is the embodiment and basis for the implementation of the administrative jurisdiction of Ukraine in the space of open sea. But the fact that, with regard to sea spaces, the administrative jurisdiction of the state through the exercise of powers of the specially authorized state bodies extends far beyond its land territory, inland waters and territorial sea, is manifested. It is noted that certain directions of state administrative influence on social relations that arise in coastal waters of Ukraine, especially in the exclusive (maritime) economic zone, require urgent normative works and development of a plan of measures for tax support of energy production by using water, currents and wind.

The legal status of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was the subject of one of the most thorny controversies waged. The earliest antecedents of the EEZ are to be found in the declarations of sovereignty and jurisdiction over waters within a 200-mile limit, made by certain Latin American states. The EEZ is a part of the high seas subject to a special regime, under which the respective coastal states enjoy certain exclusive rights listed in the convention. Precisely because of the coastal state's functional sovereignty in economic matters and the exclusive nature of its specialized Jurisdiction over the EEZ, the EEZ may be considered as a zone of national jurisdiction. In the EEZ, in contrast, several of the basic freedoms of the high seas disappear, in particular the freedom of fishing, other freedoms relating to the exploration and exploitation of resources, and the freedom of scientific research. In the 1982 convention the contiguous zone is subsumed in the EEZ.

Marine mining is the ocean's new exploration frontier. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is the region over which the respective coastal states hold sovereign rights for exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of natural, living or non-living, resources. The Brazilian EEZ has a rough oceanic area of 4.5 million square kilometers and is consecrated by the word Blue Amazon, an area adjacent to the Brazilian mainland, which corresponds to 52% of the country's land area. Knowing the resources of such a large area is a strategic issue concerning the country's development. This work aims to determine the physical and geoacoustic properties (Vp, density, acoustic impedance) of polymetallic crusts from different areas along the Brazilian coast and to correlate with its chemical analysis. The first were measured in two different directions, parallel and orthogonal to the layering of the samples, in order to determine anisotropic effects related to the sample's framework. The correlation of the data will allow the analysis of the acoustic response of the samples to different frequencies indicating how the sample's chemical composition affects its acoustic response. Since the investigation of the seafloor is basically conducted using acoustic geophysical methods, the results of this research will allow deciding for the best procedure and technique to be used for future exploration of this resource.

Abstract. The Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone, or the “Blue Amazon”, with its extensive maritime area, is the primary means of transport for the country’s foreign trade and is important due to its oil reserves, gas and other mineral resources, in addition to the significant influence on the Brazilian climate. We have manually built a question answering (QA) dataset based on crawled arti- cles and have applied an off-the-shelf QA system based on a fine-tuned BERTim- bau Model, achieving an F1-score of 47.0. More importantly, we explored how the proper visualization of attention weights can support helpful interpretations of the system’s answers, which is critical in real environments.

In 1983, the President proclaimed the establishment of an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 200 nautical miles seaward of the United States. This proclamation extended the Nation's sovereign rights for the purposes of exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing natural resources in the coastal ocean. This new area is approximately 3.4 million square nautical miles (sq. n.mi.) or about 1.3 times the Nation's total land area. Information is needed to characterize the resources within it. It is essential to have the proper data to identify and recover the resources in an environmentally sound manner. The Departments of Interior and Commerce have established major programs to meet the national goal of determining the characteristics and resources of the EEZ. In order to meet this responsibility, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S, Geological Survey (USGS), are undertaking systematic mapping programs of the EEZ. NOAA's effort includes detailed bathymetric mapping of the seabed. The USGS is using a wide-swath side-scan sonar system to map the EEZ seafloor on a reconaissance scale. These programs are a prerequisite and are essential for planning and carrying out resource exploration, exploitation, and management activities. Existing maps do not provide adequate feature definition to meet academic, industrial, and government user needs. The NOAA and USGS programs are essential to resource development and needed by the Nation's scientific community to understand the processes that form the continental margins and the mineral deposits in and on the seafloor. Advances in computer technology, the development of multi-beam sonar systems, and improved methods of obtaining navigational positions make it possible to respond to these needs. In 1984, NOAA and the USGS entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to begin a coordinated National effort to map specific areas of the EEZ. These areas were identified on the basis of scientific interest and resource potential (e.g., hard mineral and oil and gas). Priorities for bathymetric mapping of specific sites by NOAA are being set to compliment the broad reconnaissance scale USGS Geological LOng-Range Inclined Asdic (GLORIA) surveys. Three NOAA ships are currently surveying the west coast, Alaska, and the Hawaiian Islands of the United States. East coast and Gulf of Mexico surveying will begin in the latter part of 1987 or 1988. USGS GLORIA surveys have been completed for the west coast, east coast, Gulf of Mexico, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands; surveys off Alaska and Hawaii were started in 1986.

As an archipelagic country, Indonesia has a wealth of living and non-biological natural resources, especially in its exclusive economic zone, specifically in this zone, there are an abundant wealth of fishery resources, but the economy and welfare level of traditional Indonesian fishers are still below the poverty line, in addition to the management of exploration and exploitation of fishery resources, Indonesia faces various problems, one of which is a problem with legal provisions. Therefore, researchers will analyze legal problems in managing fishery resources in this study's exclusive Indonesian economic zone. To answer the questions in this study, the authors used normative juridical research methods, and the results of the analysis were described using qualitative methods. After reviewing the literature, the study results indicate that legal problems in the fisheries sector are due to overlapping regulations and conflicting regulations. For this reason, in this study, the authors suggest the need to revitalize the law in the fisheries sector by harmonizing the law.

Twenty-one species of black corals have been recorded in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to date, distributed mainly at depths greater than 20 m. The diversity of these environments along the northern and northeastern coasts of Brazil has been poorly investigated, in particular few information are available for the cnidarian fauna. This note represents the first record of the genus Stichopathes for the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, and also fills in the gaps in the distribution of Antipathes atlantica between the northern and southern coasts of Brazil.

Among the great variety of species exploited in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the brachyuran decapods of the genus Chaceon (Geryonidae) stand out for their high commercial value. There are two deep sea crab species inhabiting the southeastern and southern coastal waters of Brazil, Chaceon ramosae Manning, Tavares and Albuquerque, 1989 (Royal Crab or Caranguejo Real) and Chaceon notialis Manning and Holthuis, 1989 (Red Crab or Caranguejo Vermelho). Crabs of the genus Chaceon are epibenthonic, inhabit muddy and muddy-sandy bottoms between 100 and 2800 m isobaths and are geographically widespread (DEFEO et al., 1992; MANNING ; HOLTHUIS, 1989). There is evidence that the species C. ramosae is restricted to the southern coast off the state of Santa Catarina, Brasil (ATHIE ;ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, 2004). The diet of adult geryonid crabs has been described by several authors (GRAY, 1970; GERRIOR, 1981; FARLOW, 1980); like many deep-sea organisms these animals present opportunistic feeding habits. Smaller crabs eat fish carcasses, dead squids, sponges, hydroids, gastropod, scaphopods and bivalve mollusks, small polychaete, crustaceans and probably tunicates (FARLOW, 1980). Bigger sized individuals feed upon the same benthic fauna and even on larger prey such as demersal fishes and squids. Studies on the biology of geryonid crabs inhabiting Brazilian coastal waters are still few. The aim of the present study is to provide preliminary data on the composition of the diet of Chaceon ramosae living in the southern Brazilian EEZ.

The purpose of the current study was to supply the first information on age and growth for Thunnus obesus caught in the equatorial south-western Atlantic using dorsal spines, an approach that has been successfully employed for ageing tuna species. The study was conducted using a multi-model inference based on information theory for back-calculated and observed length-at-age data. Uncertainty associated with the parameter estimation was verified and results were compared to other accounts on the species, considering both the statistical and methodological contexts. Samples were collected in Natal city (Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil) from February 1999 to January 2000, of tuna vessels and from surveys, aimed at providing information on the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the area around São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago. Validation using marginal increment indicated that one ring is deposited per year. Mean length-at-age ranged of 54.3 to 177.5 cm (fork length) for ages 1 to 9 years. Von Bertalanffy, Richards, and Gompertz models were considered suitable for the bigeye tuna. Hence, the model-averaged asymptotic length ¯L∞ was estimated. The averaged model generated in the present study by back-calculation was considered appropriate for describing the growth of T. obesus.