A 44-Year-Old Female With Dysphagia Presenting a Thin Muscle Thickness on High-Frequency Intraluminal Ultrasound

Abstract

A 44-year-old female visited the Digestive Disease Center for the evaluation of dysphagia. She complained of severe dysphagia to both solids and liquids for 5 years. Additionally, she regurgitated for 3 years and lost 10 kg for a year. On upper endoscopic finding, the esophageal mucosa appeared to be normal, but there was retained fluid in the distal esophagus and severe contractions leading to resistance in advancing the scope to esophagogastric junction (Fig. 1). Esophagogram showed the dilated aperistaltic esophagus and beaklike narrowing near esophagogastric junction (Fig. 2). High-resolution manometry showed no significant pressurization within the esophageal body with impaired lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (Fig. 3). These findings led to the diagnosis of type 1 achalasia based on a recent high-resolution manometry classification proposed by Pandolfino et al.1 Figure 1 Upper endoscopy. Retained fluid is found in the distal esophagus and powerful contractions are observed on the esophagogastric junction. Figure 2 Esophagogram. This view shows the typical findings of achalasia: dilated aperistaltic esophagus and beaklike narrowing near the esophagogastric junction. Figure 3 High-resolution manometry. There is no significant pressurization within the esophageal body with impaired lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. A number of investigators have reported the use of high-frequency intraluminal ultrasound (HFIUS) to measure muscle thickness and cross sectional area (CSA) of esophagus.2-5 According to the reports using HFIUS, the primary esophageal motility disorders including achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm and nutcracker esophagus are associated with hypertrophy of the circular as well as longitudinal muscle layers.4 However, HFIUS images in this patient showed a markedly dilated esophagus with a thin muscle thickness (Fig. 4). Additionally, even though the muscle was thin, muscle CSA was larger than the controls from our previous report.5 Figure 4 Muscle thickness and muscle cross sectional area (CSA) in high-frequency intraluminal ultrasound images. The image shows a markedly dilated esophagus with a thin muscle. Note that the muscle CSA is larger (157 mm2), even though the muscle is thin (1.65 ... Interestingly, the presented case showed the thin muscle thickness and large muscle CSA on HFIUS which was different from the traditional type of achalasia presenting a thick muscle thickness.