Abstract
Modification of carbon materials, especially graphene-based materials, has wide applications in electrochemical detection such as electrochemical lab-on-chip devices. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with chemically alternated graphene oxide was used as a working electrode (glassy carbon modified by graphene oxide with sulphur containing compounds and Nafion) for detection of nucleobases in hydrolysed samples (HCl pH = 2.9, 100 °C, 1 h, neutralization by NaOH). It was found out that modification, especially with trithiocyanuric acid, increased the sensitivity of detection in comparison with pure GCE. All processes were finally implemented in a microfluidic chip formed with a 3D printer by fused deposition modelling technology. As a material for chip fabrication, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene was chosen because of its mechanical and chemical stability. The chip contained the one chamber for the hydrolysis of the nucleic acid and another for the electrochemical detection by the modified GCE. This chamber was fabricated to allow for replacement of the GCE.
Highlights
The microfluidic systems called lab-on-chip devices enables one to create fast and low cost detection systems with ultralow sample consumption [1]
Thiodiacetic acid, mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA), Nafion 117, titanium(IV) isopropoxide, graphite flakes, NaNO3, KMnO4, sodium acetate trihydrate, acetic acid, Hg(NO3)2, water and other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
This glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified by various types of chemically modified graphene oxide (Table 1, Figure 1)
Summary
The microfluidic systems called lab-on-chip devices enables one to create fast and low cost detection systems with ultralow sample consumption [1]. For electrochemical detection of nucleobases by a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), the modification of graphene-based compounds altered by Nafion [9] or Nafion with TiO2 [10] has been used to increase the sensitivity. Graphene oxide (GO) is a multilayer system created by the oxidation of graphite and oxygenated functionalities are introduced in the graphite structure [11] This fact causes hydrophilicity and GO becomes very well soluble in water or other solvents utilized for numerous purposes [12,13,14]. Removal of residual palladium from reaction mixtures in drug production is an especially important application of ttcNa3 [22,23,24] This acid was applied in plating processes, in production of composite materials with metals and rubbers and as an anticorrosion agent [25,26,27,28]. Hydrolysis and electrochemical detection was carried out within a microfluidic chip with a chamber that allows repeatable input and output of the modified working electrode
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