Abstract
In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional design and evaluation framework and process based on a probabilistic-based motion synthesis algorithm and biomechanical analysis system for the design of the Smith machine and squat training programs. Moreover, we implemented a prototype system to validate the proposed framework. The framework consists of an integrated human–machine–environment model as well as a squat motion synthesis system and biomechanical analysis system. In the design and evaluation process, we created an integrated model in which interactions between a human body and machine or the ground are modeled as joints with constraints at contact points. Next, we generated Smith squat motion using the motion synthesis program based on a Gaussian process regression algorithm with a set of given values for independent variables. Then, using the biomechanical analysis system, we simulated joint moments and muscle activities from the input of the integrated model and squat motion. We validated the model and algorithm through physical experiments measuring the electromyography (EMG) signals, ground forces, and squat motions as well as through a biomechanical simulation of muscle forces. The proposed approach enables the incorporation of biomechanics in the design process and reduces the need for physical experiments and prototypes in the development of training programs and new Smith machines.
Highlights
The barbell squat is a fundamental physical exercise for strengthening the lower body and core muscles
We developed a digital human–machine-integrated model and probabilistic-based motion synthesis algorithm for a 3D biomechanical analysis of symmetric and asymmetric Smith squat motion
We have proposed a 3D virtual test framework and process for the Smith squat exercise on the basis of a Gaussian process regression (GPR)-based motion synthesis algorithm and biomechanical analysis system
Summary
The barbell squat is a fundamental physical exercise for strengthening the lower body and core muscles. It is an integral part of training and conditioning programs in sports, rehabilitation, and fitness. The free barbell squat requires a degree of balance and coordination during motion, and the knee and lower back experience greater forces and torques than those to which they are accustomed [1]. As an alternative form of the exercise, devices that move on linear tracks have been developed. One such device is the Smith machine, in which a barbell is horizontally constrained to move up and down while sliding along vertical steel tracks. The Smith squat offers a Sensors 2017, 17, 299; doi:10.3390/s17020299 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors
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