Abstract

Chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC) cause a wide range of symptoms in patients due to obstructed outflow, often manifesting as SVC or IVC syndrome. Percutaneous intervention is now the first line therapy, overtaking prior surgical grafting techniques. We report a series of cases with benign acquired chronic vena caval total occlusions treated with endovascular stenting.

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