A 17 year experience of attrition from care among HIV infected children in Nnewi South-East Nigeria

Chinyere Ukamaka Onubogu,Ebelechuku Francesca Ugochukwu

doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06099-3

Chinyere Ukamaka Onubogu, Ebelechuku Francesca Ugochukwu

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06099-3

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Abstract

BackgroundA large number of HIV-infected children continue to die despite reported scale-up of paediatric HIV services.AimThe trend in attrition among children enrolled in an anti-retroviral therapy (ART) programme was evaluated.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of children enrolled into NAUTH ART programme between 2003 and 2019.Results1114 children < 15 years at enrolment were studied. The male: female ratio was 1:1 while median age at enrolment was 4.3 years. About two-thirds had WHO stage 3 or 4 disease at enrolment. The rate of loss to follow-up (LTFU) and death were 41.0 and 8.4%, respectively, with overall attrition incidence of 108/1000PY. Despite the downward trend, spikes occurred among those enrolled in 2008 to 2011 and in 2017. The trend in 6-, 12-, 24- and 36-months attrition varied similarly with overall rates being 20.4, 27.7, 34.3 and 37.3%, respectively. Among those on ART, > 50% of attrition was recorded within 6 months of care. Advanced WHO stage, young age, non-initiation on ART or period of enrolment (P < 0.001), and caregiver (p = 0.026) were associated with attrition in bivariate analysis. Apart from caregiver category, these factors remained significant in multivariate analysis. Most LTFU could not be reached on phone. Among those contacted, common reasons for being lost to follow-up were financial constraints, caregiver loss, claim to divine healing, family disharmony/child custody issues and relocation of family/child.Conclusion/recommendationAttrition rate was high and was mostly due to LTFU. Predictors of attrition were late presentation, young age, delay in ART initiation and financial constraints. Efforts should be intensified at early diagnosis, linkage to care and implementation of “test and treat” strategy. Innovative child centered approaches should be adopted to enable the HIV-infected children remain in care despite challenges which can truncate treatment.

Highlights

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) still presents a serious public health concern among children
Despite efforts to improve services and outcomes of children living with HIV, a large number of children continue to die from HIV annually [1, 2]., children less than 15 years old constituted 4.5% of all individuals living with HIV in 2018, they accounted for 13% of the 770,000 deaths attributable to HIV [2]
Initiation of children on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) was based on Nigerian National HIV treatment guidelines which are in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations [8,9,10,11]

Summary

Introduction

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) still presents a serious public health concern among children. More than 90% of HIV infection in children result from mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) during pregnancy, delivery or postnatally during breastfeeding [3]. Such perinatally acquired HIV is associated with more rapid progression due to immature immune system, and high mortality especially in sub-Saharan Africa [3]. The success of childhood HIV programmes depends on timely diagnosis, early initiation of treatment, adherence to medications and active follow-up, to ensure optimal outcomes. A large number of HIV-infected children continue to die despite reported scale-up of paediatric HIV services

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