A 1–3-GHz Digitally Controlled Dual-RF Input Power-Amplifier Design Based on a Doherty-Outphasing Continuum Analysis

Abstract

<?Pub Dtl=""?> This paper presents a linear multi-harmonic analysis method to evaluate the performance of digitally controlled dual RF-input power amplifiers (PAs). The method enables, due to its low computational cost, optimization of PA efficiency and bandwidth in a complex design space involving two independent inputs. Under the idealized assumption of short-circuited higher harmonics, the analysis is used to prove the existence of a Doherty-outphasing continuum, featuring high average efficiency over 100% fractional bandwidth. With this result as a foundation, a combiner incorporating microwave transistor parasitics is analyzed without assuming short-circuited higher harmonics, showing that high average efficiencies are also achievable under more realistic conditions. A PA is straightforwardly designed from these calculation results using two 15-W GaN HEMTs. The simulated layout-ready (large-signal transistor model) PA average drain efficiency exceeds 50% over 1.1–3.7 GHz for a 6.7-dB peak-to-average power-ratio WCDMA signal. The measured PA has a maximum output power of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\hbox{44}} \pm {\hbox{0.9}}$</tex></formula> dBm and a 6-dB output power back-off (OPBO) power-added efficiency (PAE) of 45% over 1–3 GHz. After applying digital pre-distortion, excellent linearity is demonstrated when transmitting the WCDMA signal, resulting in an adjacent channel leakage power ratio lower than <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${-}{\hbox{57}}$</tex></formula> dBc with corresponding average PAE of 50% and 40% at 1.2 and 2.3 GHz, respectively. This is, to the authors' knowledge, the most wideband OPBO efficiency enhanced PA reported to date, proving the effectiveness of employing linear multi-harmonic analysis in dual-input PA design.