Abstract
99mTc is the standard radionuclide used for nuclear medicine imaging. In addition to gamma irradiation, 99mTc emits low-energy Auger and conversion electrons that deposit their energy within nanometers of the decay site. To study the potential for DNA damage, direct DNA binding is required. Plasmid DNA enables the investigation of the unprotected interactions between molecules and DNA that result in single-strand breaks (SSBs) or double-strand breaks (DSBs); the resulting DNA fragments can be separated by gel electrophoresis and quantified by fluorescent staining. This study aimed to compare the plasmid DNA damage potential of a 99mTc-labeled HYNIC-DAPI compound with that of 99mTc pertechnetate (99mTcO4 −). pUC19 plasmid DNA was irradiated for 2 or 24 hours. Direct and radical-induced DNA damage were evaluated in the presence or absence of the radical scavenger DMSO. For both compounds, an increase in applied activity enhanced plasmid DNA damage, which was evidenced by an increase in the open circular and linear DNA fractions and a reduction in the supercoiled DNA fraction. The number of SSBs elicited by 99mTc-HYNIC-DAPI (1.03) was twice that caused by 99mTcO4 − (0.51), and the number of DSBs increased fivefold in the 99mTc-HYNIC-DAPI-treated sample compared with the 99mTcO4 − treated sample (0.02 to 0.10). In the presence of DMSO, the numbers of SSBs and DSBs decreased to 0.03 and 0.00, respectively, in the 99mTcO4 – treated samples, whereas the numbers of SSBs and DSBs were slightly reduced to 0.95 and 0.06, respectively, in the 99mTc-HYNIC-DAPI-treated samples. These results indicated that 99mTc-HYNIC-DAPI induced SSBs and DSBs via a direct interaction of the 99mTc-labeled compound with DNA. In contrast to these results, 99mTcO4 − induced SSBs via radical formation, and DSBs were formed by two nearby SSBs. The biological effectiveness of 99mTc-HYNIC-DAPI increased by approximately 4-fold in terms of inducing SSBs and by approximately 10-fold in terms of inducing DSBs.
Highlights
The study of cellular DNA damage by various chemical and physical events is hampered by the existence of effective repair systems
Plasmid DNA is a model that enables the investigation of unprotected interactions between molecules and DNA that result in single-strand breaks (SSBs) or double-strand breaks (DSB); the resulting fragments can be separated by gel electrophoresis and quantified by fluorescent staining
Haefliger et al demonstrated the induction of DSBs by Auger electrons from 99mTc complexes with DNAbinding ligands using gel electrophoresis; the damage was not quantified under consideration of the absorbed dose [4]
Summary
The study of cellular DNA damage by various chemical and physical events is hampered by the existence of effective repair systems. Plasmid DNA is a model that enables the investigation of unprotected interactions between molecules and DNA that result in single-strand breaks (SSBs) or double-strand breaks (DSB); the resulting fragments can be separated by gel electrophoresis and quantified by fluorescent staining. Auger electron-emitting radiotracers can be implanted directly into DNA via the incorporation of radiolabeled thymidine analogues or by indirect DNA labeling with radioactive dyes to study the influence of geometry [1,2] or to characterize different isotopes of the same element [3]. Haefliger et al demonstrated the induction of DSBs by Auger electrons from 99mTc complexes with DNAbinding ligands using gel electrophoresis; the damage was not quantified under consideration of the absorbed dose [4]
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