99mTc(I)/Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes for in vivo targeting of melanotic melanoma: Synthesis and biological evaluation

Abstract

The 99mTc (I) tricarbonyl complexes fac-[99mTc(κ3-L)(CO)3] (Tc1–Tc6) containing N-ethylpyrrolidine and N,N-diethylethylamine groups for melanin binding, were evaluated in vitro and in vivo as radioactive probes for the targeting of melanotic melanoma. Aiming at the modification of their size, topology and lipophilicity, Tc1–Tc6 were obtained based on an S,N,O-donor bifunctional chelator (BFC) derived from cysteamine and on pyridyl- and pyrazolyl-containing N,N,O-donor BFCs. Tc1–Tc6 were chemically identified by HPLC comparison with the Re congeners (Re1–Re6) that were synthesized at the macroscopic level and fully characterized by common analytical techniques. With the exception of Tc5 and Tc6, these 99mTc complexes are moderately lipophilic, and bind to melanin with moderate to high affinity (23–87%). The cell uptake of Tc1–Tc6, expressed as a percentage of total activity per million cells, spanned between 0.86 and 21.02% for the melanotic B16-F1 cell line and between 0.49% and 13.58% for the amelanotic A375 cell line. In the B16-F1 cell line, Tc1, Tc3 and Tc4 showed moderate cellular uptake values (>10% at 4 h of incubation). In the amelanotic A375 cell line, only Tc4 has shown a moderate cell uptake (>10% at 4 h of incubation), with all the other compounds displaying a relatively poor uptake, i.e. inferior to 5%. Competition studies with haloperidol have shown that the involvement of sigma receptors in cellular uptake and retention is likely to occur for Tc4. Complex Tc1, stabilized with the S,N,O-donor BFC and containing a N,N-diethylethylamine group, presented the most promising biological profile for in vivo targeting of melanoma, showing a moderate tumor uptake of 2.17% ID/g at 1 h p.i in a B16-F1 melanoma-bearing mouse and rather favorable target/non-target ratios with values as high as 16.9 and 5.2 for tumor/muscle and tumor/blood ratios, respectively.